CHF Pathophysiology Flashcards
Define CHF
Congestive heart failure. Cardiac output that is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
Impaired ventricular filling due to reduced extensibility or decresed preload is termed:
Diastolic dysfunction
Impaired ventricular contractility due to myogenic chronotropic or inotropic disorders is termed:
Systolic dysfunction
The amount of blood filling the heart chambers during diastole is termed:
Preload
The amount of force/pressure that the heart must push against is termed:
Afterload
Does an increase in afterload alter EDV, ESV, or both?
Increases both
Which of the following disorders is congenital?
Hypertension,
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,
aortic stenosis,
aortic outflow obstruction,
coarctation of the aorta.
coarctation of the aorta is present at birth
Why does pulmonary hypoxia cause hypertension?
Low oxygen levels trigger constriction of pulmonary arteries, which is a protective mechanism to redirect blood flow to better-oxygenated areas of the lungs. If this is prolonged, can cause HTN.
Why can patients with normal cardiac output have heart failure?
If metabolic demand is heightened. CO can be normal but not meet demand.
Define sepsis
Extreme response to infection that starts in one area in the blood and can move to other areas of the body.
Is the initial consequence right heart failure, left heart failure, or both?
Renal Failure
Right heart failure
Is the initial consequence right heart failure, left heart failure, or both?
Cardiac Tamponade
Right heart failure
Is the initial consequence right heart failure, left heart failure, or both?
Aortic valve stenosis
Left heart failure
Is the initial consequence right heart failure, left heart failure, or both?
Pulmonary hypertension
Right heart failure
Which variable in capillary fluid dynamics cause edema with heart failure?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure leads to fluid leakage into tissues, causing edema.
Which electrolyte is most important in fluid regulation?
Sodium
How does sodium need to be regulated in patients with heart failure?
Should be restricted in heart failure patients to reduce fluid retention and decrease the workload on the heart.
Define oncotic pressure
Pulls fluid into the vascular space
Define hydrostatic pressure
Pushes fluid out of the vascular space
Edema surrounding a discrete area of the body is termed:
Localized edema
Edema in dependent regions of bilateral LE and sometimes UE too is termed:
Peripheral edema
Edema that leaves an indentation when pressure is applied to the area is termed:
Pitting edema
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abnormal distension is termed:
Ascites
Severe generalized edema is termed
Anasarca
Fluid in the space in and around the alveoli is termed:
Pulmonary edema
How can CHF lead to renal failure?
Decreased blood reaching kidneys
How can renal failure lead to CHF?
Renal failure causes fluid overload and hypertension, increasing the heart’s workload
How can CHF lead to pulmonary edema?
heart’s inability to pump effectively causes blood to back up in the lungs, increasing pulmonary capillary pressure and leading to fluid accumulation, resulting in pulmonary edema.
How can pulmonary edema lead to CHF?
increases resistance in the lungs, making it harder for the heart to pump blood, which strains the heart and can worsen or lead to CHF.
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Pulmonary edema
BL
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Oliguria
F
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Jugular vein distension
BR
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Oxygen desaturation
BL
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Weak/thready pulses
F
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Anorexia
BR
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Fatigue
F
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Orthopnea
BL
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Hepatomegaly
BR
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Ascites
BR
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Cough
BL
MOI for each heart failure S/S (BR, BL, F): Peripheral edema
BR
What diagnostic medical test is most definitive for heart failure?
Echocardiogram
What is the underlying cause of rapid weight gain in patients with CHF?
Water retention
Taking daily body weight measurements, what is considered a potential sign of CHF?
> 2 lb in a day
5 lb in a week
