chewing and swallowing interactive session Flashcards
the stages of mastication
- incision - anterior teeth
- food transferred to posterior teeth
- numerous chewing cycles - three stages for each cycle
what is the first of the chewing cycles?
opening stroke
what happens during the opening stroke?
mandible lowered and moved laterally to working side
bolus held in place by cheeks and tongue
what is the second of the chewing cycles?
closing stroke
what happens during the closing stroke?
mandible elevated, deviates to working side
what is the third of the chewing cycles?
power stroke
what happens during the power stroke?
mandible moved back to midline so lower teeth glide on upper teeth
which muscles are used in the opening stroke?
lateral pterygoids - both to protrude then more on balancing side to deviate to working side
suprahyoids (depress mandible)
infrahyoids (stabilize hyoid)
which muscles are used in the closing stroke?
medial pterygoids
masseters
temporalis
lateral pterygoid (balancing side)
which muscles are used in the power stroke?
masseter
medial pterygoid
temporalis
lateral pterygoid (working side)
swallowing has how many stages?
three
what are the three stages of swallowing?
oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase
is the oral phase voluntary or no
yes
what happens in the oral phase?
lips brought together and teeth occluded
bolus formed
bolus moved into oropharynx
oropharyngeal seal established
what happens in the pharyngeal phase?
velopharyngeal (nasopharyngeal) seal established
pharynx shortened and widened, larynx elevated
laryngeal inlet narrowed and glottis closed
bolus moved through pharynx
is the pharyngeal phase voluntary?
no
is the oesophageal phase voluntary?
no
what happens in the oesophageal phase?
bolus moved into stomach
respiratory passage opened again
larynx repositioned
to occlude the teeth, what muscles are involved?
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
oral phase - what muscles?
hyoid bone - elevation of this bone raises tongue to roof and presses bolus against the hard palate
mylohyoid
anterior and posterior digastric muscles
genioglossus (forms trough - tongue)
styloglossus - sides of tongue elevate to assist in trough formation
what muscles to move bolus into oropharynx
genioglossus - tip of tongue pressed against maxillary incisors and hard palate
styloglossus - tongue retracted and bolus dragged posteriorly
palatoglossus - oropharyngeal isthmus sealed
which muscles pharyngeal phase
superior constrictor and fibres of palatopharyngeal muscle - passavant’s ridge exaggerated
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
muscles used in the oesophageal phase
peristalsis of oesophageal wall
relaxation of lingual, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles
infrahyoid muscles - thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyriod, and omohyoid
hyoglossus, genioglossus
dysphagia
abnormal swallowing behaviour
consequences of abnormal swallowing behaviour
social - embarrassment
dehydration + malnutrition
aspiration - asphyxiation or pneumonia
two types of dysphagia
obstructive, pathophysiological
two types of obstructive dysphagia
intrinsic - within tract
extrinsic - outside tract
types of pathophysiological dysphagia
xerostomia - dry mouth (problem w salivary glands)
neurological
(cerebrovascular accident, MS, parkinson’s, brain tumour, head injury, motor neuron disease)
