Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CE > Chest and lungs > Flashcards

Chest and lungs Flashcards

1
Q

primary muscles of respiration (2)

A

diaphragm and intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which intercostals are important to inspiration?

A

external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which of the lobes on the left lobe contains the lingula?

A

left upper lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

at what rib levels (axilla and anterior) is the oblique fissure on the right? on the left?

A

5th rib in axilla and 6th rib at midclavicular; 6th rib at midclavicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

posteriorly the apexes of the lungs rise to what vertebral level?

A

T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

upon deep inspiration the lower borders of the lungs descend to which vertebral level?

A

T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

upon forced expiration the lower borders of the lungs ascend to which vertebral level?

A

T9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

at what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

main bronchi are divided into ____ branches on the right and ____ on the left

A

3:2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

acini consists of these 4 parts:

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bronchial arteries branch from where? (2)

A

anterior thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most of the blood from the lungs is drained via the:

A

Pulmonary Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chemoreceptors are found in these 2 places and each is stimulated by what

A

medulla oblongota (H+) and carotid body (low O2 and high CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chemoreceptors send signals to the respiratory center in this part of the brain

A

medulla oblongota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nerve impulses from the medulla send signals to this part of the brain that controls respiratory muscles

A

Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anterior right lung consists mainly of which 2 lobes?

A

upper and middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

posterior lung is mainly which lobe(s)?

A

lower lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lower lobe extends between which vertebral levels?

A

T3-T10/12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

at what rib levels is the horizontal fissure at axilla and anteriorly?

A

axilla at 5th rib and anteriorly at 4th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the lateral lung extends between which landmarks?

A

peak of axilla to 7th or 8th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the number of each intercostal space corresponds to that rib immediately below/above it?

A

above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is the resistance in the pulmonary circulation less than or greater than that in systemic circulation?

A

less than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what stimulates the closure of the foramen ovale?

A

decrease in pulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what stimulates the closure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

increase in O2 tension in arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

barrel chest seen in older adults is the result of what?

A

loss of muscle strength in thorax and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

underventilation of alveoli in lower lung fields and decreased tolerance for exertion in older age are result of what? (3)

A

alveoli become less elastic and more fibrous, interalveolar folds decrease which decreases alveolar surface area, and loss of strength of resp muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what predisposes older adults to respiratory infections?

A

aging mucous membranes become drier and can’t get rid of mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what 5 sx associated with chest pain signals a circumstance not involving the heart?

A

constant achiness, stays in 1 position, made worse by pressing on precordium, fleeting needle-like jab and location in shoulders or between shoulder blades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

possible cause of severe, acute chest pain in adults and adolescents

A

cocaine use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

prominent sternal protrusion

A

pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

indentation of lower sternum above xiphoid

A

pectus excavatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

superficial venous patterns over the chest may indicate what?

A

heart disorders or vascular obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the scapular lines go through which part of the scapula?

A

inferior angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

normal RR

A

12 to 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

normal RR:HR

A

1:4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

these 2 conditions can cause dyspnea in an otherwise normal person

A

obesity and sedentary lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

difficult and labored breathing with SOB

A

dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

SOB that begins or increases when the patient lies down

A

orthopnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

sudden onset of SOB after a period of sleep

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

dyspnea that increases in upright posture

A

platypnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

these 4 non-resp conditions can cause hyperventilation

A

protective splinting from broken rib or pleurisy or massive liver enlargement or abd ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

these 4 conditions can cause bradypnea

A

neuro or electrolyte disturbance, infection or protection against pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

10 Ps of rapid onset dyspnea

A

pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulm constriction/asthma, peanut (foreign body), pulm embolus, pericardial tamponade, pump failure, peak seekers, psychogenic, poision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

these 6 conditions cause increased resp rate and depth

A

metabolic acidosis, CNS (pons) lesion, anxiety, ASA poisoning, hypoxia, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

these 5 conditions cause decreased resp rate and depth

A

metabolic alkalosis, CNS (cerebrum) lesion, MG, narcotic overdose, obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

regular period of breathing with intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequence of respr

A

Cheyne-Stokes (periodic) breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing occurs in those with these 2 probs

A

cerebral brain damage or drug-caused resp compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

irregular resp varying in depth and interrupted by intervals of apnea, but lacking the repetitive pattern of periodic respiration

A

biot resp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

biot respiration is associated with what 3 conditions?

A

increased ICP, drug poisoning, and medulla brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

axtaxic resp is a more severe form of what other resp?

A

biot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what causes secondary apnea?

A

anything that limits O2 from getting into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what 3 things can cause primary apnea?

A

blow to the head, newborn (needs more CO2 build up) and inhalation of irritating vapor or gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

this is characterized by long inspiration and what amounts to expiration apnea

A

apneustic breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Dx: chest asymmetry

A

collapsed lung or limitation of expansion by extrapleural air, fluid or mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Dx: unilateral or bilateral bulging

A

resp obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Dx: retractions

A

inspiratory obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Dx: stridor

A

obstruction high in resp tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Dx: unilateral retraction without suprasternal notch involvement

A

foreign body in bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Dx: retraction of lower chest

A

asthma and bronchiolitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

sx of upper airway obstruction

A

inspiratory stridor, hoarse cough, nasal flaring and suprasternal notch retraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

sx of severe upper airway obstruction

A

inspiratory and expiratory stridor, barking cough, retractions also involve subcostal and intercostal spaces, cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

sx of obstruction above glottis

A

quieter stridor, muffled voice, difficult swallowing, no cough, awkwardly positioned head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

sx of obstruction below glottis

A

louder stridor, hoarse voice, swallowing ok, harsh cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

this is done during increased expiratory effort and reduces the effort of dyspnea

A

lip pursing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

3 diseases associated with clubbing

A

lung fibrosis, CHD and CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Dx: crepitus

A

air in subcut tissue from ruptured resp tract or infection by gas-producing org

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

palpable, coarse, grating vibration during inspiration

A

pleural friction rub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Dx: pleural friction rub

A

inflam of pleural surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

posteriorly at what vertebral level do you place your hands to eval thoracic expansion?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

where is tactile fremitus best felt?

A

parasternally at the 2nd intercostal space at the level of the bifurcation of the bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Dx: decreased fremitus (5)

A

emphysema, pleural thickening or effusion, pulm edema, bronchial obstruction

72
Q

Dx: increased fremitus (2

A

fluids or solid mass in the lungs

73
Q

Dx: displacement of trachea (7)

A

atelectasis, thyroid enlargement, fibrosis, pleural effusion, tension pneumothorax, tumor, nodal enlargement

74
Q

Dx: hyperresonance upon percussion

A

emphysema, pneumothorax, asthma

75
Q

Dx: dullness or flatness over lung fields

A

atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax or asthma

76
Q

normal diaphragmatic excursion

A

3-6 cm

77
Q

sweet/fruity breath

A

DKA

78
Q

fishy/stale breath

A

uremia (trimethylamines)

79
Q

ammonia-like breath

A

uremia (ammonia)

80
Q

musty fish/clover breath

A

fetor hepaticus, hepatic failure, portal vein thrombosis, portacaval shunts

81
Q

foul, feculent breath

A

intestinal obstruction/diverticulum

82
Q

foul/putrid breath

A

nasal/sinus pathology, resp infections

83
Q

halitosis breath

A

tonsillitis, gingivitis, resp infection, angina, GERD

84
Q

cinnamon breath

A

pulm TB

85
Q

where do pulm pathologic conditions generally occur in older adults?

A

lung base

86
Q

breathing that resembles the noise made by blowing over bottle mouth

A

amphoric

87
Q

amphoric breathing is usually heard with what conditions? (2)

A

stiff walled pulm cavity or tension pneumothorax with bronchopulm fistula

88
Q

Dx: decreased or absent breath sounds (4)

A

fluid or pus in pleural space, secretions or foreign body in bronchi, hyperinflation of lungs, splinting due to pain

89
Q

Dx: increased breath sounds

A

consolidated lungs

90
Q

discontinuous adventitious resp sound heard more often during inspiration

A

crackle

91
Q

crackles are caused by

A

disruptive passage of air through the small airways of resp tract

92
Q

sibilant crackles are ___ pitched while sonorous are ___ pitchced

A

high, low

93
Q

prolonged or continuous adventitious resp sounds heard more often during expiration

A

rhonchi

94
Q

rhonchi are caused by

A

passage of air through an airway obstructed by thick secretion, muscular spasm, new growth or external pressure

95
Q

continuous high pitched musical adventitious resp sound heard during inspiration or expiration

A

wheeze

96
Q

wheeze is caused by

A

high velocity air through narrowed or obstructed airway

97
Q

dry crackly low pitched sound heard in expiration and inspriation

A

friction rub

98
Q

sound heard with mediastinal emphysema, synchronous with heartbeat and more pronounced at end of expiration

A

Hamman sign (mediastinal crunch)

99
Q

Dx: moist cough

A

infection

100
Q

Dx: dry cough

A

cardiac probs, allergies, HIV etc

101
Q

Dx: acute onset cough with/without fever

A

infection; foreign body, inhaled irritant

102
Q

Dx: regular, paroxysmal cough

A

pertussis

103
Q

amount of air that is expelled after max inspiration and max expiration

A

vital capacity

104
Q

max amount of air that can be forcefully expired

A

peak expiratory flow rate

105
Q

Dx: yellow, green, rust colored, clear/transparent, purulent, blood streaked, mucoid or viscid sputum

A

bacterial infection

106
Q

Dx: mucoid, viscid, blood streaked sputum

A

viral infection

107
Q

Dx: all colors particularly abundant in morning, occasionally large amounts of blood

A

chronic infectious disease

108
Q

Dx: slight, persistent blood streaked sputum

A

carcinoma

109
Q

Dx: blood clotted, large amounts of blood in sputum

A

infarction

110
Q

Dx: large amounts of blood

A

TB

111
Q

expected infant RR

A

40-60

112
Q

Dx: frequent hiccups in infants (3)

A

seizures, drug withdrawl or encephalopathy

113
Q

Dx: persistent GI gurgling heard in chest

A

diaphragmatic hernia

114
Q

volume of air in lungs at end of quiet expiration

A

functional residual capacity

115
Q

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing

A

tidal volume

116
Q

Dx: tachypnea, dyspnea, decreased fremitus, occasional hyperresonance, prolonged expiration, wheezes, decreased lung sounds

A

asthma

117
Q

Dx: delayed chest wall movement, narrowed intercostal spaces, tachypnea, decreased fremitus, deviated trachea ipsilaterally, dullness over affected lung, wheezes/rhonchi/crackles, decreased breath sounds in lower lobe

A

atelectasis

118
Q

Dx: tachypnea, hyperinflation, crackles, rhonchi

A

bronchiectasis

119
Q

Dx: occasional tachypnea and shallow breathing, prolonged breath sounds, occasional crackles and expiratory wheezes

A

bronchitis

120
Q

Dx: wheezing, cyanosis, distention of neck veins and peripheral edema, decreased vocal fremitus, occasional hyperresonance, inspirational crackles, decreased breath sounds

A

COPD

121
Q

Dx: tachypnea, deep breathing, pursed lips, barrel chest, decreased fremitus, hyperresonance, decreased breath sounds, prolonged expiration

A

emphysema

122
Q

Dx: decreased and delayed resp movement, trachea shifted contralaterally, decreased fremitus, dull to flat percussion, decreased breath sounds, bronchophony and whispered pectoriloquy, occasional friction rub

A

pleural effusion/thickening

123
Q

Dx: tachypnea, shallow breathing, nasal flaring, occasional cyanosis, increased fremitus, dullness on percussion, crackles with rhonchi, bronchial breath sounds, egophony, bronchophony and whispered pectoriloquy

A

pneumonia consolidation

124
Q

cyanosis, bulging intercostal spaces, resp lag on affected side, tracheal deviation contralateral, decreased fremitus, hyperresonance, decreased breath sounds, Hamman sign or succussion splash, decreased breath sounds

A

pneumothorax

125
Q

3 organisms that cause cough with sinus infection

A

H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Strep pneumoniae

126
Q

mucosal edema and bronchoconstriction caused by airway hyperreactivity triggered by environmental factors

A

asthma

127
Q

Dx: paroxysmal dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, wheezing on expiration and inspiration, prolonged expiration

A

asthma

128
Q

does cold or warm air aggravate asthma?

A

Cold

129
Q

what may coexist in a person with asthma?

A

allergic skin conditions

130
Q

incomplete expansion of lungs at birth or collapse at any age

A

atelectasis

131
Q

affect of atelectasis on lung sounds

A

to dampen or mute the sounds

132
Q

a high birthweight (4.5 kg) predisposes a newborn to ____ in childhood?

A

obesity

133
Q

inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchial tubes

A

bronchitis

134
Q

Dx: excessive secretion of mucous in bronchial tree

A

chronic bronchitis

135
Q

inflammatory process involving visceral and parietal pleura

A

pleurisy

136
Q

what happens to the pleura in pleurisy?

A

becomes edematous and fibrinous

137
Q

Dx: acute pain, difficulty breathing, pleural rub heard and felt, rapid and shallow respirations, decreased breath sounds

A

pleurisy

138
Q

excessive non-purulent fluid in the pleural space can cause this:

A

permanent fibrotic thickening

139
Q

right angled area of dullness over posterior chest that can be percussed opposite a large pleural effusion

A

Grocco’s triangle

140
Q

what makes up the horiz and vertical parts of Grocco’s triangle?

A

diaphragm and SPs

141
Q

purulent exudate collects in pleural space

A

empyema

142
Q

Dx: decreased breath sounds, dull percussion, no vocal fremitus, fever, tachypnea

A

empyema

143
Q

well defined, circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration and central necrosis

A

lung abscess

144
Q

Dx: dull percussion, decreased breath sounds, pleural friction rub, cough, fever, tachypnea, foul smelling breath

A

lung abscess

145
Q

common causes of lung abscess

A

aspiration of food or infected matter from upper resp or dental source

146
Q

inflammatory response of bronchioles and alveolar spaces to infective agent

A

pneumonia

147
Q

involvement of R lower lobe in pneumonia can cause this

A

stimulation of 10th and 11th thoracic nerves and cause RLQ pain

148
Q

Dx: (in immunocompromised) interstitial inflammation and necrosis throughout bronchiolar and alveolar tissue

A

influenza

149
Q

air leaks continually into pleural space, becoming trapped on expiration and resulting in increasing pressure in pleural space

A

tension pneumothorax

150
Q

Dx: decreased breath sounds, dull percussion and absent coin click

A

hemothorax

151
Q

Dx: unexplained but persistent tachycardia

A

minimal pneumothorax

152
Q

most common type of lung CA

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

153
Q

Dx: cough, wheezing, patterns of emphysema and atelectasis, pneumonitis, hemptysis

A

lung CA

154
Q

acute or chronic condition involving R sided heart failure

A

cor pulmonale

155
Q

most common cause of acute cor pulmonale

A

PE

156
Q

risk factors for PE (8)

A

> 40 yo, hx of venous thromboembolism, anesthesia > 30 min, heart disease, CA, pelvic or leg fracture, obesity, throbophilia

157
Q

Dx: pleuritic chest pain without dyspnea

A

PE

158
Q

autosomal recessive disease of exocrine glands involving lungs, pancreas and sweat glands

A

CF

159
Q

Dx: salt loss, pulm infections, areas of hyperinflation and atelectasis

A

CF

160
Q

hallmark sx of CF in those under 5 yo

A

cough with sputum

161
Q

sx of mild CF in adults

A

nasal polyps, cough and male sterility

162
Q

most common cause of epiglottitis

A

haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB)

163
Q

in what age group does epiglottitis occur most often?

A

3-7

164
Q

Dx: sitting up straight, neck extended, head forward, anxious, ill, unable to swallow, drooling, cough, fever

A

epigottitis

165
Q

what should never be done if one suspects epiglottitis?

A

direct exam of throat

166
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis is also known as

A

croup syndrome

167
Q

most common cause of croup

A

parainfluenza viruses

168
Q

Dx: bark-like cough in child, labored breathing, retractions, hoarseness, inspiratory stridor

A

croup

169
Q

what mimics croup?

A

aspirated foreign body

170
Q

4 risk factors for RDS

A

decreasing gestational age, maternal DM, acute asphyxia and fam hx

171
Q

floppiness of trachea or airway

A

tracheomalacia

172
Q

Dx: hyperinflation, difficult expiration, generalized retractions, perioral cyanosis, hyperresonant percussion, distended abdomen (in infant)

A

bronchiolitis

173
Q

5 diseases that can be included in the COPD group

A

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and CF

174
Q

Dx: cough, sputum production, dyspnea with pursed lips, leaning forward, barrel chest, scattered crackles and wheezes

A

COPD

175
Q

chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated pulm infections and bronchial obstruction

A

bronchiectasis

176
Q

autosomal recessive condition characterized by bronchiectasis, sinusitis, dextrocardia and male infertility

A

Kartagener syndrome

CE (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions