Blood vessels

Question 1

pulses alternans

Answer 1

alteration of a pulsation of small amplitude with the pulsation of large amplitude while the rhythm is reg. cause: left ventricular failure

Question 2

pulsus bisferiens

Answer 2

best detected by palpation of the carotid artery. two main peaks. first is percussion and second tidal. cause: aortic stenosis combined with aortic insufficiency

Question 3

bigeminal pulse

Answer 3

a normal pulsation followed by a premature contraction. the amp of the premature contraction is less that of the normal pulsation cause: disorder of rhythm

Question 4

large, bounding pulse

Answer 4

does not fade out. 3+. Cause: excerise, anxiety, fever, hyperthyroidism, atherosclerosis

Question 5

pulsus paradoxus

Answer 5

an exaggerated decrease in the amplitude of pulsation during inspiration and increased amplitude during expiration. cause: premature cardiac contraction, tracheobronchial obstruction, bronchial asthma, emphysema, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis

Question 6

water hammer pulse

Answer 6

has a cgreater amp than expected, a rapid rise to a narrow summit and a sudden descent. patent ductus arteriosus. aortic regurgitation.

Question 7

temporal arteritis

Answer 7

an inflam disease of the brances of the aortic arch including the temporal arteries. pulse may be strong, weak or absent. can lead to ischemia. thrombosis

Question 8

Arterial aneurysm

Answer 8

localized dilation about 1.5 times the diameter, caused by weakness of arterial wall. 4 times more common in men. severe ripping pain.

Question 9

Arteriovenous fistulaa

Answer 9

pathologic communication between an artery and vein. continous bruit over area. if large, than significant A - V shunting of blood

Question 10

Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 10

stenosis of the blood supply to the extremities by atherosclerotic plaques. intermittent claudication prodeuces pain, ache and tramps in excericised muscle.

Question 11

claudication

Answer 11

ischemia of muscle

Question 12

Raynauds phenomenon

Answer 12

exaggerated spasm of the digital arterioles usually in response to cold

Question 13

Primary raynauds

Answer 13

triphasic demarcated skin pallor, cyanosis, and reperfusion in extremities

Question 14

Secondary raynauds

Answer 14

ulcers may appear on the tip of digits and eventually the skin over the digits can appear smooth, shiny and tight from loss of subcutaneous tisssue.

Question 15

Arterial embolic disease

Answer 15

atrial fibrillation can lead to clot formation within the atrium. if the clot is unstable, emboli may be dispersed throughout the arterial system.

Question 16

venous thrombosis

Answer 16

thromosis can occur suddenly or gradually and varying sxs. can use homans sign to test

Question 17

hypertension

Answer 17

bp higher than 140/90. responaible for stroke, renal failure and congestive heart failure

Question 18

tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 18

backflow of blood into the right atrium during systole. a mild degree of this can be seen into 75% adults.

Question 19

Atrial fib

Answer 19

arrhythima from decreased cardiac output, atrial thrombus formation with subsequent embolization.. The A wave is absent and the pulse is irregular. There are only two venous pulsation for each arterial pulsation

Question 20

cardiac tamponade

Answer 20

the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space leading to compression and dysfunction of the heart chambers. Sudden onset chest pain and dyspnea. JVP 15 to 25cmH. pulsus pradoxus (decrease in systolic bp greater than 10 mmHG with inspiration) might be present.

Question 21

constrictive pericarditis

Answer 21

chronic inflammation and subsequent scarring of the pericardium. prominent y-descent.

Question 22

coarctation of the aorta

Answer 22

stenosis seen most commonly in the descending aortic arch near the origin of the left subclavian artery and ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 23

Kawasaki disease

Answer 23

an acute vasculitic illness of uncertain cause afecting young males more ofthen than females. concern for aneurysm of a cornary. findings may include conjuctival injection, strawberry tongue and edema of hand and feet

Question 24

preeclampsia

Answer 24

hypertension after the 20th week of preg and the presence of proteinuria. eclampsia with seizure.

Question 25

venous ulcer

Answer 25

chronic venous insufficiency in which lack of venous flow leads to lower extremity venous hypertension.