Chest 2 Flashcards
consolidation
any pathologic process taht fills the alveoli with fluid, pus, blood cells (including tumor cells) or other substances resulting in lobar, diffuse or multifocal ill-defined opacities
interstitial
involvement of the supporting tissue of the lung parenchyma resulting in fine or coarse reticular opacities or small nodules
nodule or mass
any space occpuying lesion either solitary or multple
atelectasis
collapse of part of the lung due to a decrease in the amount of air in the alveoli resulting in volume loss and increased density
most common cause of consolidation
pneumonia
key findings on the xray for consolidation are
ill-defined homogeneous opacity obscuring vessels
solhouette sign
air bronchogram sign
extension to pleura or fissure, but not crossing it
no volume loss
what can cause consolidation?
water
pus
blood
cells
interstitial tissue
network of CT that invests the arteries, veins, bronchi and lymphatics
skeleton of the lung, providing mechanical support
4 types of interstitial lung patterns
linear
reticular
nodular
reticulonodular
linear
septal lines (Kerley lines)
reticular
mesh like appearance, lines in all directions
nodular
discrete opacities
reticulonodular
combination of reticular and nodular
atelectasis
volume, collapse, under inflation
resorptive atelectasis
obstruction
passive atelectasis
adjacent mass or pneumothorax
adhesive atelectasis
surfactant inactivation
cicatrization atelectasis
scar tissue
what might you see on a film with atelectasis
increased density
bronchovascular crowding
displacement sings
solitary pulmonary noduel
single intraparenchyma lesion less than 3cm in size and not associated with atelectasis or lymphadenopathy
a lesion greater than 3cm in diameter is called?
mass
most SPNs are found to be?
granulomas
lung cancers
hamartomas
granuloma
small area of inflammation in tissue
most often resulting from an infection
what are the different disease that can cause a granuloma?
TB
histoplasmosis
coccidiodomycosis
sarcoidosis (non-infectious)
what is the most common cause of pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria MC)
s/s of pneumonia
cough dyspnea fever chills chest pain sputum decreased breath sounds rales increased fremitus, egophony, pectoriloquy, dullness to percussion
pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumonia is associated with?
rusty colored sputum
pneumonia caused by____may have a currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella
hemoptysis can also occur with
TB
gram negative pneumonia
lung abscess
acute bronchiits
s/s of bacterial pneumonai
sudden onset chills fever pain with breahing cough dyspnea sputum production dry cough becomes productuive purulent, blood streaked or rust sputum leukocytosis with a shift to the left
s/s of viral pneumonia
bronchitis bronchiolitis pneumonia interstitial pneumonia leukopenia/leukocytosis lymphocytosis
MC symptoms of TB
fatigue fever weight loss coughing hemoptysis night sweats
diagnosis of TB
skin tests
chest xrays
sputum analysis
PCR tests
primary TB is usually?
asymptomatic
what iss seen in a chest xray of someone with TB
ranke complex
ghon lesion
ipsilateral calcified hilar node
common presenting symptoms of tumor
dyspnea
persistent cough
hemoptysis
non-small cell lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)
strongly associated with smoking
poor prognosis
non-small cell lung cancer (adenocarcinoma)
more common in women
more common in non-smokers
peripheral
small cell carcinoma
strongly associated with smoking metastasizes early most common primary lung malignancy to cause paraneoplastic syndromes and SVC obstruction worst prognosis AKA oat cell carcinoma
increased density in the apex of the lung
pancoast tumor
COPD
represents a spectrum of obstructive airway diseases
includes two key components which are chronic bronchitis- small ariways disease and emphysema
blue bloaters
chonic bronchitis
pink puffers
emphysema
pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
how can you get pneumothorax
spontaneous underlying lung disease trauama tension pneumothorax catamenial pneumothorax pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea
tension pneumothorax
caused by trauma to the lungs and/or chest cavity
most serious type because it may affect the heart’s ability to pump blood
catamenial pneumothorax
caused by small holes in the diaphragm muscle
occurs within 72 hours of start or end of menstrual cyctle and most often associated with endometriosis
Horner’s syndrome
miosis
facial anhidrosis
ptosis
enophthalmos
ddx of anterior mediastinal masses
lymphoma
thyroid enlargement
teratoma
tumors of thymus
