Chest 2

Question 1

consolidation

Answer 1

any pathologic process taht fills the alveoli with fluid, pus, blood cells (including tumor cells) or other substances resulting in lobar, diffuse or multifocal ill-defined opacities

Question 2

interstitial

Answer 2

involvement of the supporting tissue of the lung parenchyma resulting in fine or coarse reticular opacities or small nodules

Question 3

nodule or mass

Answer 3

any space occpuying lesion either solitary or multple

Question 4

atelectasis

Answer 4

collapse of part of the lung due to a decrease in the amount of air in the alveoli resulting in volume loss and increased density

Question 5

most common cause of consolidation

Answer 5

pneumonia

Question 6

key findings on the xray for consolidation are

Answer 6

ill-defined homogeneous opacity obscuring vessels
solhouette sign
air bronchogram sign
extension to pleura or fissure, but not crossing it
no volume loss

Question 7

what can cause consolidation?

Answer 7

water
pus
blood
cells

Question 8

interstitial tissue

Answer 8

network of CT that invests the arteries, veins, bronchi and lymphatics
skeleton of the lung, providing mechanical support

Question 9

4 types of interstitial lung patterns

Answer 9

linear
reticular
nodular
reticulonodular

Question 10

linear

Answer 10

septal lines (Kerley lines)

Question 11

reticular

Answer 11

mesh like appearance, lines in all directions

Question 12

nodular

Answer 12

discrete opacities

Question 13

reticulonodular

Answer 13

combination of reticular and nodular

Question 14

atelectasis

Answer 14

volume, collapse, under inflation

Question 15

resorptive atelectasis

Answer 15

obstruction

Question 16

passive atelectasis

Answer 16

adjacent mass or pneumothorax

Question 17

adhesive atelectasis

Answer 17

surfactant inactivation

Question 18

cicatrization atelectasis

Answer 18

scar tissue

Question 19

what might you see on a film with atelectasis

Answer 19

increased density
bronchovascular crowding
displacement sings

Question 20

solitary pulmonary noduel

Answer 20

single intraparenchyma lesion less than 3cm in size and not associated with atelectasis or lymphadenopathy

Question 21

a lesion greater than 3cm in diameter is called?

Answer 21

mass

Question 22

most SPNs are found to be?

Answer 22

granulomas
lung cancers
hamartomas

Question 23

granuloma

Answer 23

small area of inflammation in tissue

most often resulting from an infection

Question 24

what are the different disease that can cause a granuloma?

Answer 24

TB
histoplasmosis
coccidiodomycosis
sarcoidosis (non-infectious)

Question 25

what is the most common cause of pneumonia?

Answer 25

streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria MC)

Question 26

s/s of pneumonia

Answer 26

``` cough dyspnea fever chills chest pain sputum decreased breath sounds rales increased fremitus, egophony, pectoriloquy, dullness to percussion ```

Question 27

pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumonia is associated with?

Answer 27

rusty colored sputum

Question 28

pneumonia caused by____may have a currant jelly sputum

Answer 28

Klebsiella

Question 29

hemoptysis can also occur with

Answer 29

TB gram negative pneumonia lung abscess acute bronchiits

Question 30

s/s of bacterial pneumonai

Answer 30

``` sudden onset chills fever pain with breahing cough dyspnea sputum production dry cough becomes productuive purulent, blood streaked or rust sputum leukocytosis with a shift to the left ```

Question 31

s/s of viral pneumonia

Answer 31

``` bronchitis bronchiolitis pneumonia interstitial pneumonia leukopenia/leukocytosis lymphocytosis ```

Question 32

MC symptoms of TB

Answer 32

``` fatigue fever weight loss coughing hemoptysis night sweats ```

Question 33

diagnosis of TB

Answer 33

skin tests chest xrays sputum analysis PCR tests

Question 34

primary TB is usually?

Answer 34

asymptomatic

Question 35

what iss seen in a chest xray of someone with TB

Answer 35

ranke complex ghon lesion ipsilateral calcified hilar node

Question 36

common presenting symptoms of tumor

Answer 36

dyspnea persistent cough hemoptysis

Question 37

non-small cell lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)

Answer 37

strongly associated with smoking | poor prognosis

Question 38

non-small cell lung cancer (adenocarcinoma)

Answer 38

more common in women more common in non-smokers peripheral

Question 39

small cell carcinoma

Answer 39

``` strongly associated with smoking metastasizes early most common primary lung malignancy to cause paraneoplastic syndromes and SVC obstruction worst prognosis AKA oat cell carcinoma ```

Question 40

increased density in the apex of the lung

Answer 40

pancoast tumor

Question 41

COPD

Answer 41

represents a spectrum of obstructive airway diseases | includes two key components which are chronic bronchitis- small ariways disease and emphysema

Question 42

blue bloaters

Answer 42

chonic bronchitis

Question 43

pink puffers

Answer 43

emphysema

Question 44

pneumothorax

Answer 44

presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

Question 45

how can you get pneumothorax

Answer 45

``` spontaneous underlying lung disease trauama tension pneumothorax catamenial pneumothorax pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea ```

Question 46

tension pneumothorax

Answer 46

caused by trauma to the lungs and/or chest cavity | most serious type because it may affect the heart's ability to pump blood

Question 47

catamenial pneumothorax

Answer 47

caused by small holes in the diaphragm muscle | occurs within 72 hours of start or end of menstrual cyctle and most often associated with endometriosis

Question 48

Horner's syndrome

Answer 48

miosis facial anhidrosis ptosis enophthalmos

Question 49

ddx of anterior mediastinal masses

Answer 49

lymphoma thyroid enlargement teratoma tumors of thymus