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PCOL2 > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Can chemotherapy drugs be carcinogenic?

A

Yep.

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2
Q

What’s one way cancer can reoccur?

A

If cells are sitting in the G0 phase but later pop-back out of it after treatment.

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3
Q

What kinds of difficult cancers might we use alkylating-like drugs for?

A

Genitourinary, head and neck, lung, ovarian,

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4
Q

What do alkylating-like drugs end in?

A

-platin

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5
Q

What do alkylating drugs alkylate?

A

The 7’ nitrogen of GUANINE in DNA.

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6
Q

What’s an old alkylating drug with bad historical juju?

A

Nitrogen mustard.

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7
Q

What metal are alkylating-like drugs derived from?

A

Platinum.

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8
Q

T or F: secondary cancers are characteristically hard to treat.

A

TRUE.

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9
Q

Why might methotrexate freak Emma or Anne out?

A

It’s a chemotherapy drug (folate inhibitor) also used for autoimmune therapy (esp. rheumatoid).

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10
Q

What should you not confuse the cancer chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil for?

A

5-flucytosine, the antifungal given with amphotericin.

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11
Q

Why might I be sympathetic with a particular antitumour antibiotic?

A

Anthracyclines (damn right, you CALL you them that).

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12
Q

If it’s an antitumour antibiotic and it’s not anthracycline then it ends with…

A

…mycin. Usually with some letter. E.g. actinomycin-D.

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13
Q

Which main drug heading has a lifetime dose limit and why?

A

Topo inhibitors, because of dose dependent permanent heart damage.

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14
Q

Drugs under which main heading are dose-limited by peripheral nerve damage?

A

Mitotic inhibitors - plant aklaloids.

Bonus: e.g. mitotic spindle inhibitors and the -taxels.

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15
Q

Name the two antitumour antibiotic groups - what are their endings?
Poor Christians spend time in camps trying to inhibit their sins. Some were even taken there by force.
It’s a viscious cycle. They just wanna top someone. Why rob them of that?

A

Anthracyclines (topo I) - rubicins

Camptothecins

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16
Q

Which main drug headings are non-specific in their attack of the cell cycle?

A

Antitumour antibiotics and alkylating drugs.

17
Q

Which phase do antimetabolites attack?

A

The S phase.

18
Q

Which phase to MMMitotic inhibitors work in?

A

The M phase.

19
Q

Say five broad side effects of chemo.

A 
alopaecia 
myelosuppression
impaired wound healing
emesis
sterility

bonus: recurrence??

20
Q

Detectable tumours have around how many resistant cells?

A

10000

21
Q

Apart from natural selection, why might a cancer be unresponsive to chemotherapy?

A

Lack of growth.

22
Q

What is one reason monotherapy is ineffective?

A

Chances of resistance and recurrence is high high high. You need to attack the tumour with different drugs of non-overlapping toxicity profiles.

23
Q

Briefly, what’s the log cell kill principle?

A

Chemo will never kill all cells, it kills a CONSTANT FRACTION OF CELLS. Dose + time between doses therefore affects the timeline of tumour destruction. If it can be outgrown, there’s no point.

24
Q

EGFR is positive in how many epithelial cancers?

A

30%

25
Q

What mab is used for EGFR?

Jack Donaghy’s SET of tuxedos is EPIC.

A

Cetuximab

26
Q

Cetuximab is an anti-EGFR antibody. What is the characteristic side effect?

A

Massive dose dependent rash.

27
Q

What is the name of the HER2 antibody?

Trust Karen to go and get breast cancer.

A

Trastizumab

28
Q

What’s the name of the VEGF antibody?
Bev Bailey had the personality of a vegetable. I hope I never see her at the zoo and have to strike up a conversation with her.

A

Bevacizumab.

29
Q

Which growth factor receptor in melanomas has a specific carcinogenic SNP that drugs target?

A

BRAF1

30
Q

What are two physiological PK issues in cancer chemotherapy?

A

Poor vascularity
BBB (CNS)

comorbid hepatic problems

31
Q

What are three metabolic problems in cancer chemotherapy?

A

Comorbid hepatic problems (clearance or prodrug conversion)
Inherent renal damage (for renally cleared drugs) - poor clearance
High degree of interpatient variation in drug metabolism

32
Q

Cancer cells can evade immune detection by expressing _________, which immune cells detect with their expressed _________.

A

Cancer expresses PD-1.

Immune cells express PD-L1 and PD-L2.

33
Q

Nivolumab is an anti-____ antibody.

A

PD-1

34
Q

What Mab is anti-PD-1?

A

Nivolumab

35
Q

What’s that ingenious idea called?

A

EnGeneic (EDV particles with tumour-specific antibodies).

36
Q

What have been packed into EDVs

A

microRNA, chemotherapeutics

PCOL2 (24 decks)

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