Chemotherapeutics

Question 1

Action of alkylating agents + 4 examples +adverse effects

Answer 1

alkyl group binds to and cross links DNA

1. Chorambucil
2. Cyclophosphamide
3. Lomustine
4. Melphalan

Adverse effects
- Myelosuppression
- GI signs

Question 2

Clinical use and adverse effects of Chlorambucil

Answer 2

Low grade lymphoma (cats)
IMMUNE MEDIATED DISEASES

Alkylating agent

Question 3

Clinical uses and extra side effect of cyclophosphamide

Answer 3

Lymphoma, HSA, MCT

-> sterile haemorrhagic cystitis

Alkylating Agent

Question 4

Clinical uses and extra side effect of lomustine

Answer 4

Lymphoma, MCT

Hepatotoxicity

Alkylating agent

Question 5

Action, 2 examples and side effects of plant alkaloids

Answer 5

Bind to tubulin in cells and disrupt mitotic spindle

Vincristine
Vinblastine

Adverse effects:
GI signs
Myelosuppression
irritant if leaks from vein
peripheral neuropathy

Question 6

Clinical use of binblastine

Answer 6

MCT

Question 7

Action and example of antimetabolites

Answer 7

Inhibit use of cell metabolites used in growth and cell division

Cytarabine

Question 8

Clinical use and adverse effects Cytarabine

Answer 8

antimetabolite

lymphoma with CNA involvement

Adverse effects:
Myelosuppression
GI signs
Alopecia
hepatotoxicity

Question 9

Examples, Action and adverse effects of antitumour antibiotics

Answer 9

Doxotubicin, Mitoxantrone

Inhibit topoisomerase-II causing breakage of DNA and cell death; forms free radicals

Adverse effects;
Myelosuppression
GI signs
Extreme irritation if leaks from vein
Alopecia
Cumulative cardiotoxicity
nephrotoxic (cats)

Question 10

Clinical use of Doxotubicin

Answer 10

lymphoma
HSA

Question 11

Clinical use of mitoxantrone

Answer 11

Lymphoma, HSA, bladder TCC

Question 12

action of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (‘targeted therapy’)

Answer 12

inhibit various TK receptors e.g. KIT,VEGFR
Targeted therapies might not be quite as targeted as we like
TK receptors also present on normal body cells

Question 13

Toceranib clincial uses and side effects

Answer 13

TK inhibitor

MCT + likely more

Adverse Effects:
Weight loss, GI signs, others…

Question 14

Mastinib clinical use and side effects

Answer 14

MCT + likely more
immune mediated diseases e.g. stropy? IBD/CE?

Adverse effects:
GI signs
Alopecia
nephrotoxicity

Question 15

Cell cycle phase-specific drugs which kill a limited number of cancer cells with any single dose

Answer 15

Vincristine
vinblastine
Cytarabine

Question 16

Cell cycle non-specific drugs which act through all phases of the cell cycle

Answer 16

Doxorubicin
Cyclophosphamide
lomustine
Chlorambucil

Question 17

Maximising the benefit of chemotherapeutics

Answer 17

treat small tumours with a high growth fraction
-> plenty of rapidly dividing cells to target
Cell cycle-specific drugs kill a limited number of cells with each dose. We need to:
-> Repeat dosing as often as possible
->Use combinations of drugs- to target different phases and work in different ways

Question 18

Minimising the harm of chemotherapeutics

Answer 18

Be aware of adverse effects
-> symptomatic treatment- antiemeitc drugs
-> monitor patients
-> communicate with owners
Quality of life must be maintained

Question 19

How do chemotherapeutic drugs affect people

Answer 19

can do harm through direct exposure of metabolites of the drugs being excreted by pets