Chemistry - things that need polishing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bond angle in pyramidal molecules?

A

107o

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2
Q

In what circumstances do molecules have a pyramidal shape?

A

Three bonded pairs of electrons and one lone pair

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3
Q

How many electrons does the s orbital hold?

A

The s orbital holds 2 electrons.

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4
Q

How many electrons does the p orbital hold?

A

The p orbital holds 6 electrons.

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5
Q

How many electrons does the d orbital hold?

A

The d orbital holds 10 electrons

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6
Q

How many electrons does the f orbital hold?

A

The f orbital holds 14 electrons.

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7
Q

What is the chemical formula of bleach?

A

NaClO

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8
Q

Is oxidation an increase or decrease in oxidation number?

A

Oxidation is an increase in oxidation number.

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9
Q

Is reduction an increase or decrease in oxidation number?

A

Reduction is a decrease in oxidation number.

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10
Q

What is the reaction between CO and NO in a catalytic converter?

A

2CO + 2NO –> 2CO2 + N2

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11
Q

“why would it be difficult to determine the enthalpy change of formation of hexane directly?”

A
  • many different hydrocarbons would form
  • activation energy too high
  • reaction too slow
  • they don’t react together
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12
Q

What is the empirical formula of cyclohexane?

A

C6H14

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13
Q

What is a reaction of chlorine radicals with ozone in which the chlorine radical is not used up?

A

Cl + O3 –> ClO + O2
ClO + O –> Cl + O2

overall: O3 + O –> 2O2

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14
Q

What is a reaction of chlorine radicals with methane in which the chlorine radical is not used up?

A

Cl + CH4 –> CH3 + HCl
CH3 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl

overall: CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl

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15
Q

How do catalysts help make processes more sustainable?

A
  • catalyst not used up in reaction
  • reactions can take place at lower temperatures
  • different reactions can be used
  • less hazardous chemicals
  • catalysts or enzymes can generate specific products
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16
Q

What is the chemical equation for the fermentation of sugars to make ethanol?

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

17
Q

What does the diazonium ion look like?

A

(benzene ring with -N+tripleN)

18
Q

What is the atom economy?

A

Atom economy is a way to measure the atoms wasted when making a chemical. The higher the atom economy, the ‘greener’ the process. 100 per cent atom economy means that all the atoms in the reactants have been converted to the desired product.

19
Q

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

(Mr of desired product / Mr of all reactants) X 100

20
Q

What is the percentage yield?

A

The % yield of a reaction is the percentage of the product obtained compared to the theoretical maximum (predicted) yield calculated from the balanced equation.

21
Q

What is the equation for percentage yield?

A

(Actual mass / theoretical mass) x 100