Chemistry - Chains, Energy and Resources - F322 - Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons (1) Flashcards
How many known carbon compounds are there?
There are an excess of 10 million known carbon compounds.
What makes a saturated hydrocarbon?
A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonds.
What makes an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at least one carbon-carbon multiple bond
Define an aliphatic hydrocarbon.
An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
Define an alicyclic hydrocarbon
An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.
What is a functional group?
A functional group is the part of a molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What are alkanes?
Alkanes are the homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2.
What is an alkyl group?
An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed.
Define the empirical formula?
The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
Define the general formula.
The general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
What is the displayed formula?
The displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
What is the structural formula?
The structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
What is the skeletal formula?
The skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula with the hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
What is retinol used for?
Retinol is used to treat acne.
What is salbutamol used for?
Salbutamol is used for the treatment of asthma.
Define a structural isomer.
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.
Give examples of how structural isomerism could occur.
- a hydrocarbon could be branched or unbranched
- a functional group could be in a different position along the main chain
- the functional group could be different (aldehydes vs ketones)
What is a stereoisomer?
A stereoisomer is a compound with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.
Define E/Z isomerism.
E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C double bond.
Define cis-trans isomerism.
cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen on each carbon of a C=C double bond: the cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side; the trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides.
Define homolytic fission
Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
What is a radical?
A radical is a species with an unpaired electron.
Define heterolytic fission.
Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+) and an anion (-).