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MLT Clinical Practicums > Chemistry Study Guide > Flashcards

Chemistry Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of centrifugal for in centrifugal analyzers?

A

to mix

or to separate serum/plasma from rbc’s

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2
Q

What does a lab worker do if acid gets in an eye?

A

flush with running water and notify a doctor

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3
Q

What do the etched rings on the top of a pipette mean?

TC?

A

blow out

to contain

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4
Q

What could cause an elevated SG but normal osmolality?

A

heavier molecules such as proteins or glucose

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5
Q

What are the normal values for CSF glusoce, protein, appearance and WBC’s?

A

glucose: 50-80 mg/100mL
protein: 15-45 mg/dL
clear and colorless
WBC: 0-5

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6
Q

Why is CO toxic?

A

it prevents binding of Hgb to Oxygen

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7
Q

TBIL normal values

A

0.2-1.0 mg/dL

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8
Q

Conjugated/direct bilirubin normal values

A

0.0-0.2 mg/dL

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9
Q

Unconjugated/Free bilirubin normal values

A

0.2-0.8 mg/dL

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10
Q

too much bili to liver
increase in urine/feces
hemolytic anemias

A

Prehepatic jaundice

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11
Q

problem with liver itself
increase in urine/feces
liver disease

A

Hepatic jaundice

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12
Q

biliary obstruction
decrease/absence in urine/feces
stones/tumors

A

Posthepatic jaundice

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13
Q

decreased fecal URO

A

obstructive jaundice

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14
Q

increased bile pigments

A

jaundice

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15
Q

interpret oral/GTT values

A

141 200 mg/dL provisional diabetes

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16
Q

Give cautions for bilirubin specimen

A

protect from light
run STAT
no hemolysis

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17
Q

What enzyme tests cannot be preserved by freezing?

A

LD - lactate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

What is the cause of postprandial lipemia?

A

chylomicrons

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19
Q

How does the electrophoresis pattern of plasma differ from that of serum?

A

sharp fibrinogen peak in plasma

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20
Q

What is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH 8.6?

A

alb, A1, A2, beta, gamma

fast to slow

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21
Q

What is the principle enzyme in salive?

A

amylase

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22
Q

The IG’s migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH8.6?

A

gamma globulin

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23
Q

How do oral contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding?

A

increase in both

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24
Q

Creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

A

creatine

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25
Q

What tests are affected by hemolysis?

A

ACP, ALP, ALT, AST, BIL, CBC, CK, LD, aPTT, PT

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26
Q

What is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio?

A

20:1

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27
Q

What is the anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis?

A

heparin

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28
Q

How is serum globulin determined?

A

TP - albumin

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29
Q

What is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation?

A

T4 thyroxine

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30
Q

How is bloody CSF handled in the chemistry lab?

A

spin; analyze fluid; comment presence of blood

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31
Q

What is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

A

specificity

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32
Q

What are the major intracellular and extracellular anions and cations?

A

in anion: phosphate
in cation: potassium
ex anion: chloride
ex cation: sodium

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33
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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34
Q

Differentiate a transudate from an exudate.

A

T: clear, no clots, SG 1.015

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35
Q

What protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

A

albumin

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36
Q

How is the blood glucose level affected is the serum if left sitting on the clot for several hours?

A

decrease by 10% per hour

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37
Q

What is the most accurate pipette for measuring a 1 mL volume?

A

Oswald-Folin volumetric

38
Q

What type of fast does the patient undergo for lipid studies?

A

12 hour

39
Q

concentration

A

C1V1 = C2V2

same for normality
N1V1 = N2V2

40
Q

creatinine clearance

A

(UcrV)/(PcrT)

T in minutes
BSA ave 1.73
square root of ((height*weight)/3131)

41
Q

Normality

A

N = grams/GEW/L

GEW = GMW/total positive valence of ions in compound

42
Q

Molarity

A

M = grams/GMW/L

GMW = add molar masses of each element; M is mol/L

43
Q

Beer’s Law

A

Cu = Au/As*Cs

44
Q

Anion gap

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)

NA - (Cl + HCO3)

45
Q

Kjeldahl protein technique principle

A

conversion of nitrogen into ammonium; reference method for total protein determination

46
Q

Biuret method principle

A

directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present; specifically reacts with at least 2 peptide bonds or more; tripeptides or larger

47
Q

Iron binding capacity principle

A

used to estimate the transferrin level in the serum. By measuring the amount of iron that can potentially bind to the circulating transferrin the latent or unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC). If UIBC is added to serum iron concentration, the TIBC may be obtained.

48
Q

Osmolality principle

A

freezing point depression

49
Q

CrCl/GFR principle

A

CrCl tests GFR based on assumption that all creatinine passes into the urine; GFR = volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus per unit of time; GFR = V/t

50
Q

Bilirubin test principle

A

Bilirubin pigments in serum or plasma are reacted with a diazo reagent (sulfanilic acid in HCl and sodium nitrite), resulting in a purple product azobilirubin.
The product azobilirubin can be measure spectrophotometrically.

51
Q

Nephelometer principle

A

measurement of light is directly proportional to the number of particles in solution

52
Q

Fluorometer principle

A

measurement of light excited by a UV light source

53
Q

Sweat chloride principle

A

uses pilocarpine through an electric current into the skin

54
Q

oral GTT principle

A

detects abnormal glucose metabolism

55
Q

IF

A

require for B12 absorption

56
Q

Jaffe reaction

A

determines creatinine levels

57
Q

3 hour GTT

A

test for gestational diabetes

borderline fasting blood sugar pts

58
Q

+/- 2 S.D.

A

includes 95.5% values

59
Q

What is a hollow cathode lamp used for?

A

atomic absorption

60
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

abnormal adrenal medulla which causes increased VMA, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

61
Q

5HIAA

A

increased in cancers involving the entero chromofins of GI tract

62
Q

Berthelot reaction

A

hydrolysis of Urea

63
Q

Reagent used for prostatice acid phosphatase

A

L tartrate

64
Q

Reagent used for BUN

A

diacetyl monoxime

65
Q

Reagent used for URO

A

p aminobenzaldehyde

66
Q

Urinary 17-ketosteroids

A

increased in adrenal cortex

67
Q

duodenal fluid testing

A

diagnose pancreas disease

68
Q

LDL

A

indicates CHD

69
Q

AFP

A

alpha feta protein: hepatoma

70
Q

LD

A

increased in MI

71
Q

CK

A

increased 1st in MI

72
Q

For what is acid phophatase used?

A

rape

73
Q

CK isoenzymes

A

CKMB(heart) increased in MI
CKMM muscle
CKBB brain

74
Q

uric acid

A

increased in gout

renal disease

75
Q

What does the sweat chloride test diagnose?

A

CF

76
Q

What does SGOT(AST) indicate

A

increased in MI, viral hep, skeletal muscle disease

77
Q

Importance of ionized calcium

A

low in tetany

78
Q

Importance of amylase

A

increased in pancreatic diagnosis

79
Q

Patients with an increase catabolism of purines most likely have an increased serum concentration of what substance?

A

uric acid

80
Q

How would the urine volume of a patient with diabetes insipidus be effected upon administrations of ADH?

A

decreased

81
Q

The serum protein electrophoresis pattern in MM shows what abnormality?

A

spike in gamma globulin region

82
Q

HDL

A

40-75 mg/dL

83
Q

LDL

A

50-130 mg/dL

84
Q

Trig

A

60-150 mg/dL

85
Q

Chol

A

140-200 mg/dL

86
Q

What substance in the intestine is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A

IF

87
Q

List 3 enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI?

A

AST
CK
LD

88
Q

Importance of iron binding capacity

A

measures transferrin

89
Q

bilirubin and diazotized sulfanilic acid produces?

A

azobilirubin

90
Q

pCO2 measures?

A

pH

MLT Clinical Practicums (12 decks)

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