Chemistry Simply DK Flashcards
one of the world’s first recorded chemists, a perfume-maker mentioned in a cuneiform tablet dated around 1200 BC in Babylonian Mesopotamia.
Tapputi (or Tapputi-Belatekallim)
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is traditionally credited as the founder of atomism, which he developed with his student Democritus, divided the world into two entities: atoms, indivisible particles that make up all things, and the void, the nothingness that exists between the atoms. The Great World System and On Mind.
Leucippus
Greek philosopher and the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He was a native of Eresos in Lesbos. He is often considered the father of botany for his works on plants. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum) and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on Renaissance science.
Theoprastus
An Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera, primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. Laughing Philosopher.
Democritus
Late Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Neolithic prehistoric Levant in Western Asia, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of cereals, specifically rye, by this culture at Tell Abu Hureyra, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world. The world’s oldest known evidence of the production of bread-like foodstuff has been found and in addition, the oldest known evidence of possible beer-brewing, dating to approximately 13,000 BP, was found in Raqefet Cave on Mount Carmel.
Natufian culture
Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing. It is possible that in the first millennium BC she was known under the variant name Kurunnītu, derived from a term referring to a type of high quality beer. She was associated with both positive and negative consequences of the consumption of beer.
Ninkasi
Otherwise known as hulled wheat, name comes from Latin from starch, tetraploid awned wheat. Along with einkorn wheat, one of first crops domesticated in the Near East. One of three farro grains with spelt and einkorn. Triticum dicoccum.
Emmer
Wheat from German for single grain, wild form is triticum boeoticum, and the domesticated form is triticum monococcum. Diploid species of hulled wheat.
Einkorn wheat
Also known as dinkel wheat, it is a hexaploid wheat, which means it has six sets of chromosomes.
Spelt
The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whisky. contains the sugars, the most important being maltose and maltotriose, that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol.
Wort
What is the soaking of an organic solid, such as leaves, in a liquid (usually water) to extract flavours or to soften it? The specific process of teas being prepared for drinking by leaving the leaves in heated water to release the flavour and nutrients is known as this term.
Steeping
The beer brewing process that separates the mash into clear liquid wort and residual grain. It usually consists of three steps: mashout, recirculation, and sparging. Term comes from German for clarify/clear.
Lautering
Term used for the substance created via distillation
Distillate
Born 801AD Kufa, Iraq: Arab Muslim polymath active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist, book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages gave rise to the birth of cryptanalysis.
Al-Kindi
From Arabic and Ancient Greek for cup/beaker., term for this is an alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distillation of liquids?
Alembic
What word is used to refers to the product obtained by sublimation?
Sublimate
An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids, the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat, they are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver, and are a major component of human skin oils.
Triglyceride
Aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension (also known as associated colloidal system), used for soaps. Comes from Latin for tiny particle.
Micelle
French chemist and surgeon who discovered how to manufacture soda ash from common salt. Had named process after him but superseded by the Solvay porcess. Sea salt and sulfuric acid makes soda ash.
Nicolas Leblanc
ammonia–soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na2CO3). The ammonia–soda process was developed into its modern form by which Belgian chemist? The ingredients for this are readily available and inexpensive: salt brine (from inland sources or from the sea) and limestone (from quarries)..
Ernest Solvay
a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off dirt, perspiration, and oil that was applied before bathing in Ancient Greek and Roman cultures
Strigil
Also known as lye and caustic soda, actual chemical formula
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
a container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures, historically made of clay, latin for cross
Crucible
Inorganic compound slaked lime is what name scientifically? Produced when quicklime is mixed with water.
Calcium Hydroxide
name given by Spanish Conquistadors for a non-specific alloy of gold and copper, and metals composed of these elements, term is a borrowing from the Tagalog for copper/brass.
Tumbaga
a brass alloy with high copper content and 5–20% zinc content, an Indonesian/Malay word of Javanese origin meaning ‘copper’
Tombak
a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver and base metals. Find impurities by melting the impure metal in a flat, porous dish made of a refractory, or high-temperature-resistant, material which gives process its name and then directing a blast of hot air on it in a special furnace.
Cupellation
Born 1058, Tus, Iran: considered to be the 11th century’s mujaddid, awarded the honorific title “Proof of Islam”, wrote “The Revival of the Religious Sciences”, Incoherence of the Philosophers”, The Alchemy of Happiness, Disciplining the Soul.
Al-Ghazali
Born 1711 Dubrovnik, a polymath from the Republic of Ragusa, produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. Heinenberg called him the Croatian Leibniz. Dubrovnik Airport named after him. “A Theory of Natural Philosophy”.
Roger Joseph Boscovich
According to determinism, if someone (the demon) knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe, their past and future values for any given time are entailed; they can be calculated from the laws of classical mechanics. This is whose demon?
Laplace’s Demon
a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics, a demon controls a door between two chambers containing gas. As individual gas molecules (or atoms) approach the door, the demon quickly opens and closes the door to allow only fast-moving molecules to pass through in one direction, and only slow-moving molecules to pass through in the other. Because the kinetic temperature of a gas depends on the velocities of its constituent molecules, the demon’s actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the system, seemingly without applying any work, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics.
Maxwells Demon
a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem De rerum natura, a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, which usually is translated into English as On the Nature of Things—and somewhat less often as On the Nature of the Universe.
Lucretius
Which philosopher of the Milesian school is known for his belief that air is the arche, or the basic element of the universe from which all things are created? Also known for Matter changes through rarefaction and condensation.
Anaximenes of Miletus
Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, The first philosophers followed him in explaining all of nature as based on the existence of a single ultimate substance. He theorized that this single substance was water. He was also an engineer, known for having diverted the Halys River.
Thales of Miletus
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher introduced the concept of Nous (Cosmic Mind) as an ordering force. He also gave several novel scientific accounts of natural phenomena, including the notion of panspermia, that life exists throughout the universe and could be distributed everywhere. He deduced a correct explanation for eclipses and described the Sun as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese, and also attempted to explain rainbows and meteors.
Anaxagoras
Scientific term for the reduction of an item’s density, the opposite of compression. A common __________ wave is the area of low relative pressure following a shock wave.
Rarefaction
Who published The Sceptical Chymist in which he develops the idea that all material substances are composed of minute corpuscles? 1661
Robert BOYLE
Jabir ibn Hayyan in the 9th century came up with a theory of metals, a mineralogical theory that would remain dominant until the 18th century that said that which two elements were the basis of all metals?
Sulfur-Mercury theory
what is the largest component of gunpowder
Saltpetre (potassium nitrate)
UNESCO World Heritage Site is which salt mine in the namesake town, near Kraków in southern Poland.
Wieliczka Salt Mine
From the Greek for doctor, archaic pre-scientific school of thought that was supplanted by modern chemistry and medicine. Having its roots in alchemy, this term sought to provide chemical solutions to diseases and medical ailments.
iatrochemistry
36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels. The fact that chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells has allowed the development of methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer.
Chlorotoxin
a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of spiders of the genus widow spiders as well as at least one species of another genus in the same family, Steatoda nobilis. These toxins are the main active components of the venom and are responsible for the symptoms.
Latrotoxin
In 1754, Joseph Black isolated which gas and named it fixed air?
Carbon Dioxide
Who is credited with his independent discovery of oxygen by the thermal decomposition of mercuric oxide having isolated it in 1774?
Joseph Priestley
Who is is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He named oxygen (1778), recognizing it as an element, and also recognized hydrogen as an element (1783), opposing the phlogiston theory?
Antoine Lavoisier
Who is known for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772 calling it phlogisticated air?
Daniel Rutherford
In 1766, who was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction “inflammable air”?
Henry Cavendish
In 1895, who was first to osolate helium on Earth by treating the mineral cleveite with mineral acids?
William Ramsey
What are a set of spectral absorption lines, dark absorption lines, seen in the optical spectrum of the Sun, and are formed when atoms in the solar atmosphere absorb light being emitted by the solar photosphere. The lines are named after German physicist who observed in 1814?
Fraunhofer Lines
9th century in Ray, Iran: Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Golden Age, he became a successful doctor, and served as chief physician of Baghdad and Ray hospitals, the first to clinically distinguish between smallpox and measles, and suggest sound treatment for the former, volumes of his work Al-Mansuri, namely “On Surgery” and “A General Book on Therapy”, became part of the medical curriculum in Western universities.
al-Razi
“The dose makes the poison” (Latin: dosis sola facit venenum ‘only the dose makes the poison’) is an adage intended to indicate a basic principle of toxicology. It is credited to which physician?
Paracelsus
Which Belgian chemist (1580 Brussels) is remembered today largely for his 5-year willow tree experiment, his introduction of the word “gas” (from the Greek word chaos) into the vocabulary of science, and his ideas on spontaneous generation?
Jan Baptist VAN HELMONT
The Advancement of Learning (full title: Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human) is a 1605 book by which English philosopher?
Francis Bacon
legendary Hellenistic period figure that originated as a syncretic combination of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth?
Hermes Trismegistus
an early alchemist known from the works of Zosimos of Panopolis, she lived between the first and third centuries A.D. in Alexandria, her axiom “One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth”, possibly invented tribikos, kerotakis and bain-marie.
Mary the Jewess
William Bickford (1774–1834) was an English inventor, who, formerly a currier, invented which item useful in mining?
Safety Fuse
His pioneering scientific work, the development of experimental methods and repeatable demonstrations on the physics of the vacuum, atmospheric pressure, electrostatic repulsion, his advocacy for the reality of “action at a distance” and of “absolute space” were noteworthy contributions for the advancement of the Scientific Revolution? University in hometown of Magdeburg named after him.
Otto von Guericke
Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt c. 1735. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times.
Georg Brandt
a French physician and chemist, best known for his 1718 affinity tables
Etienne Geoffroy
German-Swedish scientist discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, nitrogen, and chlorine, among others. He discovered organic acids tartaric, oxalic, uric, lactic, and citric, as well as hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, and arsenic acids.
Carl Wilhelm SCHEELE
white, crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes but also in tamarinds, bananas, avocados, and citrus
Tartaric Acid
cream of tartar official chemical name
Potassium Bitartrate (KC4H5O6)
French physicist who co-discovered namesake law of magnetostatics with Félix Savart, established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization of light. He discovered the physical properties of cream of tartar.
Jean-Baptiste Biot
Double eponymous law in physics is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current? two french men.
Biot-Savart Law
In physics, when magnetostatics does not apply, the Biot–Savart law should be replaced by which Ukrainian born American’s equations?
Jefimenko
an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4), It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. From wood sorrel mostly, famously rhubarb.
Oxalic Acid
Which acid causes gout?
Uric acid
Sucrose is made of which two subunits?
Glucose and Fructose
Lactose is made of which two subunits?
Glucose and Galactose
Which disaccharide is formed from two units of Glucose?
Maltose
From Greek for “congealed” or “curdled”, a heteropolysaccharide, a structural acid contained in the primary lamella, in the middle lamella, and in the cell walls of terrestrial plants?
Pectin
class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants, particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily
Lignin
long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose, second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of insects
chitin
what enzyme breaks down proteins
Protease
What enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase
Bile made and released by which organ?
Liver (stored in gall bladder)
sold under the brand name Prozac, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, real medical nam is?
Fluoxetine
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) known as which brand name from parent company Chemours?
Teflon
trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consists of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and other extermination camps.
Zyklon B
an organic chemical compound with the formula COCl2. It is a toxic, colorless gas; in low concentrations, its musty odor resembles that of freshly cut hay or grass. extremely poisonous and was used as a chemical weapon during World War I, where it was responsible for 85,000 deaths. It is a highly potent pulmonary irritant and quickly filled enemy trenches due to it being a heavy gas.
PHOSGENE
extremely toxic organophosphorus compound. A colourless, odourless liquid, it is used as a chemical weapon due to its extreme potency as a nerve agent. It was discovered in 1938 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at IG Farben who were attempting to create stronger pesticides and named after surname initials.
Sarin
a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery, occurs naturally in a number of plants of the nightshade family, including deadly nightshade (belladonna).
Atropine
extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate, originated from pesticide development work at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). It was developed further at Porton Down in England during the early 1950s,[8] based on research first done by Gerhard Schrader, a chemist working for IG Farben in Germany during the 1930s. Used to assassinate Kim Jong-Nam at Kuala Lumpur in 2017.
VX
extremely toxic compound of the organophosphate family, discovered by accident and name is a joke of the word taboo.
Tabun
early British chemist who invented the concept of catalysis and discovered photoreduction. She was described as ‘the first solo woman researcher of modern chemistry’.
Elizabeth Fulhame
French chemist. He was best known for his discovery of the law of definite proportions in 1794, stating that chemical compounds always combine in constant proportions: a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
Joseph PROUST
English clergyman who made major contributions to a range of scientific fields including botany, pneumatic chemistry and physiology. He was the first person to measure blood pressure. He also invented several devices, including a ventilator, a pneumatic trough and a surgical forceps for the removal of bladder stones. In addition to these achievements, he was a philanthropist and wrote a popular tract on alcoholic intemperance. Won Copley Medal in 1739.
Stephen Hales
Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after him.
Joseph Black
In thermodynamics, what term is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature? Symbol c.
Specific heat capacity
In thermodynamics, what term is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation?
Latent heat
Scientist who discovered hydrogen calling it inflammable air, did experiment to calculate density of the Earth.
Henry Cavendish
Born 1765, French inventor and one of the earliest pioneers of photography. He developed heliography, a technique he used to create the world’s oldest surviving products of a photographic process
Nicephore Niepce
Born 1711, Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions.
Mikhail Lomonosov
Term for the powdery metallic oxide formed when an ore or mineral has been heated.
Calx
Spanish chemist, and the first to isolate tungsten with his brother Juan José in 1783. He was in charge, under a King of Spain commission, of organizing the School of Mines in México City and so was responsible for building the Palacio de Minería, a structure that would house the school.
Fausto Elhuyar
Strongest magnets in the world consist of and named after which element?
Neodymium
Element Number 64 named after who?
Gadolinium (Johan Gadolin - Finnish)
he is credited with discovering cerium and selenium, and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium
Jons Jakob Berzelius
Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the element lutetium (which he named cassiopeium), separating it from ytterbium in 1907, setting off the longest priority dispute in the history of chemistry.
Carl Auer VON WELSBACH
French chemist known for his discoveries of the chemical elements gallium, samarium and dysprosium.
Paul-Émile Lecoq de BOISBAUDRAN
French chemist who designed an apparatus to produce a spark using an induction coil and used it to generate the spectra of rare earth elements which he examined using spectroscopy, thus detecting the element europium in 1896, and isolated it as the oxide europia in 1901. He helped Marie Curie to confirm the existence of another new element, radium, in 1898.
Eugène-Anatole DEMARCAY
Swedish chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known for his discovery of the chemical elements holmium and thulium. In 1874 he theorised that didymium was in fact two elements; this theory was confirmed in 1885 when Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered neodymium and praseodymium.
Per Teodor CLEVE
French pharmacist and agronomist, best remembered as a vocal promoter of the potato as a food source for humans in France and throughout Europe. His many other contributions to nutrition and health included establishing the first mandatory smallpox vaccination campaign (under Napoleon beginning in 1805, when he was Inspector-General of the Health Service) and pioneering the extraction of sugar from sugar beets.
Antoine-Augustin Parmentier
What is the term for the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst?
Catalysis
HPLC is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures, stands for?
High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography
Which element was just used for the lining in the contact process for making sulphur acid?
Platinum
BASF subbed in which oxide for platinum to make the contact process more efficient?
Vanadium
Peregrine Phillips, a vinegar manufacturer of Bristol, made which process his patent of 1831?
Contact Process for Sulphuric Acid
What in chemistry is the determination of the proportions in which elements or compounds react with one another? Comes from Greek for “element” “measure”.
Stoichiometry
the negatively charged electrode by which electrons enter an electrical device
Cathode
What is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device?
Cathode (mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs)
What is the electrode of a polarized electrical device through which conventional current enters the device?
Anode (mnemonic ACID for anode current into device)
laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical research published by which scientist in 1833?
Michael Faraday
The Ideal Gas Law was first stated by which French scientist? In civil engineering, came up with theorem of three moments is a relationship among the bending moments at three consecutive supports of a horizontal beam.
Émile Clapeyron
also known as the law of volumes, which gas law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion?
Charles’s Law (French born 1746, with the Robert brothers launched the world’s first hydrogen-filled gas balloon August 27, 1783)
an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. Law states that “equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules.
Avogadro’s Law
the number of particles (atoms or molecules) of an ideal gas per volume (the number density), and usually quoted at standard temperature and pressure. Also known as Avogadro Constant, named after Austrian scientist.
Loschmidt constant
Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
The ratio of the volumes of gases consumed or produced in a chemical reaction is equal to the ratio of simple whole numbers. The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the gaseous products can be expressed in simple whole numbers. LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES gives small whole number ratios named after which scientist?
Gay-Lussac
law of partial pressures states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. Named after which scientist?
John Dalton
Born 1771 Etruria, English photographer and inventor. He is most widely known as an early experimenter in the field of photography.
He is the first person known to have thought of creating permanent pictures by capturing camera images on material coated with a light-sensitive chemical. His practical experiments yielded only shadow image photograms that were not light-fast, but his conceptual breakthrough and partial success have led some historians to call him “the first photographer”.
Thomas Wedgwood
Born 1801, French photographer and pioneer in the history of photography. He invented his own process that produced direct positive paper prints in the camera and presented the world’s first public exhibition of photographs on 24 June 1839. He claimed to have invented photography earlier than Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre in France and William Henry Fox Talbot in England, the men traditionally credited with its invention.
Hippolyte Bayard
Daguerreotypes were created onto sheets of which metal?
Copper
Used in photography, hypo is an inorganic formula with what official chemical name?
Sodium thiosulfate
Born 1800, French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities. He also developed a method for the analysis of nitrogen in compounds.
JB Dumas
In chemistry, term for compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae. They have the same number of each type of atom but may have different physical and chemical properties.
Isomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity?
Constitutional isomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that have the same connectivity but differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space?
Stereoisomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images?
Enantiomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that are stereoisomers that are NOT enantiomers?
Diastereomers
German scientist born 1800 who first discovered the process to do the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea? Was also the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.
Friedrich Wohler
a functional group with the chemical formula −COCH3 and the structure −C(=O)−CH3. group contains a methyl group (−CH3) single-bonded to a carbonyl (C=O). Found in aspirin.
Acetyl
In organic chemistry, what is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well? Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules. One that acts as a branch extending from the backbone of a hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent or side chain, which typically can be removed from the molecule and substituted with others. Comes from Latin for middle.
Moiety
is a functional group with the formula −CH=CH2. It is the ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) molecule (H2C=CH2) with one fewer hydrogen atom. The name is also used for any compound containing that group, namely R−CH=CH2 where R is any other group of atoms.
Vinyl
What does PVA glue stand for?
Polyvinyl Acetate
Which functional group is an alkyl derived from another gas, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3 (whereas normal gas has the formula CH4)?
Methyl Group
Which German chemist born 1743 discovered uranium (1789)[6] and zirconium (1789). He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium (1795), strontium (1793), cerium (1803), and chromium (1797) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium (1798) and beryllium (1798).
Martin Klaproth
In organic chemistry, which group is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure R−CH2−C6H5? It features a benzene ring (C6H6) attached to a methylene group (−CH2−) group. It is not to be confused with phenyl with the formula C6H5.
Benzyl group
In organic chemistry, which group is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5? It is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, minus a hydrogen, which may be replaced by some other element or compound to serve as a functional group. This group has six carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal planar ring, five of which are bonded to individual hydrogen atoms, with the remaining carbon bonded to a substituent.
Phenyl group
Which group is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula −CH2CH2CH3 for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of namesake hydrocarbon?
Propyl group
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to carbon. These range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugars and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, conferring hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur.
Alcohols
In chemistry, what are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair? Formally, they are are derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group.
Amine
In organic chemistry, what is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R’, where R and R’ can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents? These contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (which contains a carbon–oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest version is acetone (where R and R’ are methyl).
Ketone
What is name for a steroid from the androstane class containing a ketone and a hydroxyl group at positions three and seventeen respectively?
Testosterone
In organic chemistry, what are a class of compounds that contain a namesake group—an oxygen atom bonded to two organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula R−O−R′, where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. These are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.
Ethers
In chemistry, what usually refers to organic compounds “with a chemistry typified by benzene” and “cyclically conjugated.? These are now defined as cyclic compounds satisfying Hückel’s Rule. They are typically split into two categories - benzoids, that contain a benzene derivative and follow the benzene ring model, and non-benzoids.
Aromatic compound or Arenes
In organic chemistry, what is an organic acid that contains a namesake group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a ________ acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. These acids occur widely, important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids.
Carboxylic acid
Connection of alkane/alkene/alkyne and type of bonds between carbon atoms?
Alkanes: single bond
Alkenes: double bond
Alkyne: triple bond
In chemistry, what is a functional group derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (−R)? Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to this category as well. Glycerides are fatty acid _____s of glycerol.
Ester
What acid is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula B(OH)3?
Boric Acid
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the −C≡N. The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with this term in industrial literature. Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group are called cyanides instead.
Nitrile
In organic chemistry, what is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O? The functional group itself (without the “R” side chain) can also be classified as a formyl group.
Aldehyde
Simple aldehyde: CH2O and structure H−CHO, more precisely H2C=O. It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings.
Formaldehyde
simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H.
Formic acid
In organic chemistry, what is the functional group with the formula R−N=C=O? They are usually produced from amines by phosgenation, i.e. treating with phosgene:
RNH2 + COCl2 → RNCO + 2 HCl
Isocyanate
What compounds are organic compounds bearing the functional group diazenyl (R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ can be either aryl or alkyl groups)? Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups. From French for Nitrogen.
Azo compound
straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Greek for butter.
Butyric acid
Common name for Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3COOH, straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid. It is found in the perennial flowering plant from which it gets its name.
Valeric acid
also known as hexanoic acid, is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4COOH, found in goat fat.
Caproic acid (Capric acid is coconut and palm kernel oil)
saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain, name from Greek for tallow, one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature and in the food supply, following palmitic acid.
Stearic acid
also known as icosanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon chain, name from Latin for peanut
Arachidic acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, what is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated?
Fatty acid
What is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group? It can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. Etymology is fire grape.
Pyruvic acid
What is the namesake chemical reaction which involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid? Named after Italian scientist who worked on atomic weights.
Cannizzaro reaction
Scottish obstetrician and a significant figure in the history of medicine. He was the first physician to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in humans and helped to popularize its use in medicine.
Sir James Young Simpson
German physician, best known for creating the pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy.
Samuel Hahnemann
common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts. Used as a paralyzing agent by indigenous peoples in Central and South America for hunting and for therapeutic purposes, it only becomes active when it contaminates a wound or is introduced directly to the bloodstream;
Curare
Highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents, comes from a tree in India and Southeast Asia: also known as nux vomica.
Strychnine
a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. It is also used to treat ventricular tachycardia. It was discovered in 1946 by Nils Lofgren and went on sale in 1948, first known as Xylocaine.
Lidocaine
a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area around a tooth, acts mainly as a sodium channel blocker. It was created by the chemist Alfred Einhorn who gave the chemical the trade name known as today.
Novocaine/Procaine
also known as aniline purple, what was name of synthetic dye discovered in 1856 by William Henry Perkin?
Mauveine
American scientist, inventor, and women’s rights campaigner. She was the first scientist to confirm that certain gases warm when exposed to sunlight, and that therefore rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels could increase atmospheric temperature and affect climate, a phenomenon now referred to as the Greenhouse effect.
Eunice Newton Foote
In the history of the periodic table, German chemist’s triads were an early attempt to sort the elements into some logical order and sets based on their physical properties. They are analogous to the groups (columns) on the modern periodic table. 53 elements were known at his time. Claim to invent first lighter.
Döbereiner
In physical chemistry,whose equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates? The equation was proposed by this person in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van ‘t Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions.
Svante Arrhenius
Baltic German chemist and philosopher, who is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhenius? He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis, chemical equilibria, and reaction velocities. Coined term “mole”.
Wilhelm Ostwald
German physicist and physical chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid-state physics. His formulation of the _____ heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for developing the ______ equation in 1887.
Walther Nernst
Whose heat theorem says that as absolute zero is approached, the entropy change ΔS for a chemical or physical transformation approaches 0?
Walther Nernst
In thermodynamics, what term is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure?
Gibbs Free Energy
In physicsthermodynamics, what is the sum of a thermodynamic system’s internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume?
Enthalpy
German chemist and zymologist, awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fermentation? To do with enzymes.
Eduard Buchner
German industrial chemist after whom namesake flask and namesake funnel are named. The patent for his two inventions was published in 1888.
Ernst Buchner
Which French chemist born 1795 discovered the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833? He is also known for isolating and naming the carbohydrate cellulose.
Anselme Payen
What is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium? Named after French chemist, It can be defined as: If the equilibrium of a system is disturbed by a change in one or more of the determining factors (as temperature, pressure, or concentration) the system tends to adjust itself to a new equilibrium by counteracting as far as possible the effect of the change.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
The voltaic cell created by Volta was using which two metals?
Copper and Zinc
Which famous scientist first discovered methane while collecting samples at Lake Maggiore?
Alessandro Volta
In 1807, what did Humphrey Davy electrolyse to discover potassium?
Potash
In 1807, what did Humphrey Davy electrolyse to discover sodium?
Caustic Soda/Lye
an electrical component that stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar. It typically consists of a glass jar with metal foil cemented to the inside and the outside surfaces, and a metal terminal projecting vertically through the jar lid to make contact with the inner foil. It was the original form of the capacitor
Leiden Jar
variant of Alessandro Volta’s voltaic pile and was designed by the Scottish professor of chemistry William Cruickshank in 1800. Cruickshank devised a solution to the problem of the pile by placing the battery horizontally inside a rectangular box. The interior of the box was coated with shellac to provide insulation, and sets of zinc and copper plates, which were welded together, were arranged evenly within the box.
Trough battery
Born 1766, English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium. He also developed a way to process platinum ore into malleable ingots.
William Hyde Wollaston
Born 1761, English chemist. He is best known for his discovery of the elements iridium and osmium, which he found in the residues from the solution of platinum ores in 1803. He also contributed to the proof of the identity of diamond and charcoal.
Smithson Tennant
he is credited with discovering cerium and selenium, and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium.
Jons Jacob Berzelius
stereoisomers arising because of hindered rotation about a single bond, where energy differences due to steric strain or other contributors create a barrier to rotation that is high enough to allow for isolation of individual conformers. From Greek for “not to be turned”.
Atropisomer
Greek for equal form, in mathematics, what is a structure-preserving mapping between two structures of the same type that can be reversed by an inverse mapping?
Isomorphism
Fulminate ion is unstable (CNO-) but what isomer is the stable version (OCN-)?
Cyanate
From Latin for lightning, what ion has chemical composition CNO-?
Fulminate
Urea is the organic compound isomer of which inorganic compound? Used by Wohler to create urea.
Ammonium Cyanate
From the French for “derived from grape juice”, what acid is an isomer of tartaric acid? It is an equal mixture of two mirror-image isomers (enantiomers), optically active in opposing directions.
Racemic Acid
What eponymous piece of laboratory equipment, specifically a condenser consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket? Used in distillation.
Liebig condenser
British chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule (the masses of the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom)?
Francis William ASTON
German pigment and dye producer known for first synthesizing a blue pigment known as Prussian blue (i.e. iron blue or Berlin blue).
Johann Jacob DIESBACH
an organic compound with the formula (O2N)3C6H2OH, name comes from Greek for bitter due to taste. Used as explosive or as yellow dye. Known as Lyddite also.
Picric Acid
TNT stands for?
Trinitrotoluene
British women who worked in munitions manufacturing trinitrotoluene (TNT) shells during the First World War (1914–1918), nickname from colour of women.
Canary Girls
François-Emmanuel Verguin, the director of the chemical factory of Louis Rafard near Lyon, tried many different formulae before finally in late 1858 or early 1859, mixing aniline with carbon tetrachloride, producing a reddish-purple dye which he called “fuchsine”, later named what?
Magenta
shade of red that is biased slightly more towards purple than towards orange on the color wheel and has a blue undertone, named after organic dye found in madder plant. Known as Turkey Red. In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically. From Arabic for pressed fruit.
Alizarin
also known as calcium copper silicate, a pigment that was used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years.
Egyptian Blue
chemically a cupric hydrogen arsenite (also called copper arsenite or acidic copper arsenite), CuHAsO3. It is chemically related to Paris green. Invented by eponymous inventor. During his exile on St. Helena, Napoleon resided in a house in which the rooms were painted bright green, his favorite color. The cause of his death is generally believed to have been stomach cancer, and arsenic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of gastric carcinoma.
Scheele’s Green
an organic compound with a distinctive blue color, extracted from namesake plants, most today is synthetic, name comes from country of origan , used in denim.
Indigo
Which German chemist discovered TNT in 1863?
Joseph Wilbrand
Which Italian chemist discovered Nitroglycerine in 1847 in Turin?
Ascanio Sobrero
What type of soil is used as a filtration aid, mild abrasive in products including metal polishes and toothpaste, mechanical insecticide, absorbent for liquids, matting agent for coatings, reinforcing filler in plastics and rubber, anti-block in plastic films, porous support for chemical catalysts, cat litter, activator in coagulation studies, a stabilizing component of dynamite, a thermal insulator, and a soil for potted plants and trees as in the art of bonsai?
Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur)
An explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or guncotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate). Invented by Nobel who also invented dynamite.
Gelignite
Named after Norwegian mineralogist, a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (sulfide ore-loving or chalcogen-loving), and atmophile (gas-loving) or volatile (the element, or a compound in which it occurs, is liquid or gaseous at ambient surface conditions).
Goldschmidt Classification
In Victor Goldschmidt’s classification, what is the term for iron-loving?
Siderophile
In Victor Goldschmidt’s classification, what is the term for sulfide ore-loving or chalcogen-loving?
Chalcophile
In Victor Goldschmidt’s classification, what is the term for gas-loving?
Atmophile
set of four quantum numbers that describe the unique quantum state of an electron
1 Principal
2 Azimuthal
3 Magnetic
4 Spin
SPDF blocks of periodic table/subshells stand for
Sharp
Principal
Diffuse
Fundamental
Which shell name has maximum 2 electrons?
K
Which shell name has maximum 8 electrons?
L
Which shell name has maximum 18 electrons?
M
Which shell name has maximum 32 electrons?
N
An N shell can hold how many electrons as a maximum?
32
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, which rule states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible?
Aufbau principle
Which German physicist’s rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity?
Friedrich HUND
In quantum mechanics, which principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics?
Pauli exclusion principle
English scientist and inventor of the Victorian era, his contributions including to the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). Contributed to ideas behind an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component.
Charles Wheatstone
British astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astronomical spectroscopy together with his wife, was also the first to distinguish between nebulae and galaxies by showing that some (like the Orion Nebula) had pure emission spectra characteristic of gas, while others like the Andromeda Galaxy had the spectral characteristics of stars. He then served as President of the Royal Society from 1900 to 1905.
William Huggins (wife Margaret)
in atomic physics, what is one of a set of six named series describing the spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom? Named after Swiss scientist born in 1825. The visible spectrum of light from hydrogen displays four wavelengths, 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm, and 656 nm, that correspond to emissions of photons by electrons in excited states transitioning to the quantum level described by the principal quantum number n equals 2.
Balmer series
In 1888, which Swedish scientist generalized the Balmer equation for all transitions of hydrogen? Mainly known for devising his namesake formula, in 1888, which is used to describe the wavelengths of photons (of visible light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
Johannes Rydberg
In physics and chemistry, which series is a hydrogen spectral series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n = 1 (where n is the principal quantum number), the lowest energy level of the electron (groundstate)? Named after American scientist.
Lyman series
All the wavelengths in the Lyman series are in which electromagnetic spectrum band?
Ultraviolet
Paschen series and Brackett series of hydrogen spectral series are in which electromagnetic spoectrum band?
Infrared
In physics, what is name for an anomalous difference in energy between two electron orbitals in a hydrogen atom? The difference was not predicted by theory and it cannot be derived from the Dirac equation, which predicts identical energies.
Lamb shift (Willis Lamb)
What are a set of spectral absorption lines, dark absorption lines, seen in the optical spectrum of the Sun, and are formed when atoms in the solar atmosphere absorb light being emitted by the solar photosphere? The lines are named after German physicist.
Fraunhofer lines
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered which two alkali metals in 1860?
Cesium and Rubidium
French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, but there is no justification for the conclusion that he deserves credit for the co-discovery of the element helium although sometimes happens.
Pierre Janssen
Born 1836 Rugby, English scientist and astronomer. Along with the French scientist Pierre Janssen, he is credited with discovering the gas helium. He also is remembered for being the founder and first editor of the influential journal Nature.
Norman Lockyer
What are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule? Can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. Namesake introduced it in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule.
Lewis Structures
British crystallographer, pacifist, and prison reform activist. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945 (along with Marjory Stephenson).
Kathleen Lonsdale
British biochemist. In 1945, she was one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, the other being Kathleen Lonsdale. She wrote Bacterial Metabolism (1930).
Marjory Stephenson
French geologist and mineralogist who was the first to arrange the chemical elements in order of atomic weights, doing so in 1862. He devised a spiral graph that was arranged on a cylinder, which he called vis tellurique, or telluric helix because tellurium was the element in the middle of the graph.
Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de CHANCOURTOIS
British chemist who worked concerning the periodicity of elements, was the first person to devise a periodic table of chemical elements arranged in order of their relative atomic masses[4] published in Chemical News in February 1863, continuing Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner’s work with triads and Jean-Baptiste Dumas’ families of similar elements. He published his LAW OF OCTAVES.
John NEWLANDS
In chemistry, which term of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules? It is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms.
Valency
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-boron?
Scandium (21)
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-aluminium?
Gallium
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-manganese?
Technetium
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-silicon?
Germanium
