Chemistry Simply DK Flashcards
one of the world’s first recorded chemists, a perfume-maker mentioned in a cuneiform tablet dated around 1200 BC in Babylonian Mesopotamia.
Tapputi (or Tapputi-Belatekallim)
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is traditionally credited as the founder of atomism, which he developed with his student Democritus, divided the world into two entities: atoms, indivisible particles that make up all things, and the void, the nothingness that exists between the atoms. The Great World System and On Mind.
Leucippus
Greek philosopher and the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He was a native of Eresos in Lesbos. He is often considered the father of botany for his works on plants. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum) and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on Renaissance science.
Theoprastus
An Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera, primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. Laughing Philosopher.
Democritus
Late Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Neolithic prehistoric Levant in Western Asia, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of cereals, specifically rye, by this culture at Tell Abu Hureyra, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world. The world’s oldest known evidence of the production of bread-like foodstuff has been found and in addition, the oldest known evidence of possible beer-brewing, dating to approximately 13,000 BP, was found in Raqefet Cave on Mount Carmel.
Natufian culture
Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing. It is possible that in the first millennium BC she was known under the variant name Kurunnītu, derived from a term referring to a type of high quality beer. She was associated with both positive and negative consequences of the consumption of beer.
Ninkasi
Otherwise known as hulled wheat, name comes from Latin from starch, tetraploid awned wheat. Along with einkorn wheat, one of first crops domesticated in the Near East. One of three farro grains with spelt and einkorn. Triticum dicoccum.
Emmer
Wheat from German for single grain, wild form is triticum boeoticum, and the domesticated form is triticum monococcum. Diploid species of hulled wheat.
Einkorn wheat
Also known as dinkel wheat, it is a hexaploid wheat, which means it has six sets of chromosomes.
Spelt
The liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whisky. contains the sugars, the most important being maltose and maltotriose, that will be fermented by the brewing yeast to produce alcohol.
Wort
What is the soaking of an organic solid, such as leaves, in a liquid (usually water) to extract flavours or to soften it? The specific process of teas being prepared for drinking by leaving the leaves in heated water to release the flavour and nutrients is known as this term.
Steeping
The beer brewing process that separates the mash into clear liquid wort and residual grain. It usually consists of three steps: mashout, recirculation, and sparging. Term comes from German for clarify/clear.
Lautering
Term used for the substance created via distillation
Distillate
Born 801AD Kufa, Iraq: Arab Muslim polymath active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist, book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages gave rise to the birth of cryptanalysis.
Al-Kindi
From Arabic and Ancient Greek for cup/beaker., term for this is an alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distillation of liquids?
Alembic
What word is used to refers to the product obtained by sublimation?
Sublimate
An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids, the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat, they are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver, and are a major component of human skin oils.
Triglyceride
Aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension (also known as associated colloidal system), used for soaps. Comes from Latin for tiny particle.
Micelle
French chemist and surgeon who discovered how to manufacture soda ash from common salt. Had named process after him but superseded by the Solvay porcess. Sea salt and sulfuric acid makes soda ash.
Nicolas Leblanc
ammonia–soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na2CO3). The ammonia–soda process was developed into its modern form by which Belgian chemist? The ingredients for this are readily available and inexpensive: salt brine (from inland sources or from the sea) and limestone (from quarries)..
Ernest Solvay
a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off dirt, perspiration, and oil that was applied before bathing in Ancient Greek and Roman cultures
Strigil
Also known as lye and caustic soda, actual chemical formula
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
a container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures, historically made of clay, latin for cross
Crucible
Inorganic compound slaked lime is what name scientifically? Produced when quicklime is mixed with water.
Calcium Hydroxide
name given by Spanish Conquistadors for a non-specific alloy of gold and copper, and metals composed of these elements, term is a borrowing from the Tagalog for copper/brass.
Tumbaga
a brass alloy with high copper content and 5–20% zinc content, an Indonesian/Malay word of Javanese origin meaning ‘copper’
Tombak
a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver and base metals. Find impurities by melting the impure metal in a flat, porous dish made of a refractory, or high-temperature-resistant, material which gives process its name and then directing a blast of hot air on it in a special furnace.
Cupellation
Born 1058, Tus, Iran: considered to be the 11th century’s mujaddid, awarded the honorific title “Proof of Islam”, wrote “The Revival of the Religious Sciences”, Incoherence of the Philosophers”, The Alchemy of Happiness, Disciplining the Soul.
Al-Ghazali
Born 1711 Dubrovnik, a polymath from the Republic of Ragusa, produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy, including the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position. Heinenberg called him the Croatian Leibniz. Dubrovnik Airport named after him. “A Theory of Natural Philosophy”.
Roger Joseph Boscovich
According to determinism, if someone (the demon) knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe, their past and future values for any given time are entailed; they can be calculated from the laws of classical mechanics. This is whose demon?
Laplace’s Demon
a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics, a demon controls a door between two chambers containing gas. As individual gas molecules (or atoms) approach the door, the demon quickly opens and closes the door to allow only fast-moving molecules to pass through in one direction, and only slow-moving molecules to pass through in the other. Because the kinetic temperature of a gas depends on the velocities of its constituent molecules, the demon’s actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the system, seemingly without applying any work, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics.
Maxwells Demon
a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem De rerum natura, a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, which usually is translated into English as On the Nature of Things—and somewhat less often as On the Nature of the Universe.
Lucretius
Which philosopher of the Milesian school is known for his belief that air is the arche, or the basic element of the universe from which all things are created? Also known for Matter changes through rarefaction and condensation.
Anaximenes of Miletus
Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, The first philosophers followed him in explaining all of nature as based on the existence of a single ultimate substance. He theorized that this single substance was water. He was also an engineer, known for having diverted the Halys River.
Thales of Miletus
Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher introduced the concept of Nous (Cosmic Mind) as an ordering force. He also gave several novel scientific accounts of natural phenomena, including the notion of panspermia, that life exists throughout the universe and could be distributed everywhere. He deduced a correct explanation for eclipses and described the Sun as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese, and also attempted to explain rainbows and meteors.
Anaxagoras
Scientific term for the reduction of an item’s density, the opposite of compression. A common __________ wave is the area of low relative pressure following a shock wave.
Rarefaction
Who published The Sceptical Chymist in which he develops the idea that all material substances are composed of minute corpuscles? 1661
Robert BOYLE
Jabir ibn Hayyan in the 9th century came up with a theory of metals, a mineralogical theory that would remain dominant until the 18th century that said that which two elements were the basis of all metals?
Sulfur-Mercury theory
what is the largest component of gunpowder
Saltpetre (potassium nitrate)
UNESCO World Heritage Site is which salt mine in the namesake town, near Kraków in southern Poland.
Wieliczka Salt Mine
From the Greek for doctor, archaic pre-scientific school of thought that was supplanted by modern chemistry and medicine. Having its roots in alchemy, this term sought to provide chemical solutions to diseases and medical ailments.
iatrochemistry
36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels. The fact that chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells has allowed the development of methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer.
Chlorotoxin
a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of spiders of the genus widow spiders as well as at least one species of another genus in the same family, Steatoda nobilis. These toxins are the main active components of the venom and are responsible for the symptoms.
Latrotoxin
In 1754, Joseph Black isolated which gas and named it fixed air?
Carbon Dioxide
Who is credited with his independent discovery of oxygen by the thermal decomposition of mercuric oxide having isolated it in 1774?
Joseph Priestley
Who is is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He named oxygen (1778), recognizing it as an element, and also recognized hydrogen as an element (1783), opposing the phlogiston theory?
Antoine Lavoisier
Who is known for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772 calling it phlogisticated air?
Daniel Rutherford
In 1766, who was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction “inflammable air”?
Henry Cavendish
In 1895, who was first to osolate helium on Earth by treating the mineral cleveite with mineral acids?
William Ramsey
What are a set of spectral absorption lines, dark absorption lines, seen in the optical spectrum of the Sun, and are formed when atoms in the solar atmosphere absorb light being emitted by the solar photosphere. The lines are named after German physicist who observed in 1814?
Fraunhofer Lines
9th century in Ray, Iran: Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the Islamic Golden Age, he became a successful doctor, and served as chief physician of Baghdad and Ray hospitals, the first to clinically distinguish between smallpox and measles, and suggest sound treatment for the former, volumes of his work Al-Mansuri, namely “On Surgery” and “A General Book on Therapy”, became part of the medical curriculum in Western universities.
al-Razi
“The dose makes the poison” (Latin: dosis sola facit venenum ‘only the dose makes the poison’) is an adage intended to indicate a basic principle of toxicology. It is credited to which physician?
Paracelsus
Which Belgian chemist (1580 Brussels) is remembered today largely for his 5-year willow tree experiment, his introduction of the word “gas” (from the Greek word chaos) into the vocabulary of science, and his ideas on spontaneous generation?
Jan Baptist VAN HELMONT
The Advancement of Learning (full title: Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human) is a 1605 book by which English philosopher?
Francis Bacon
legendary Hellenistic period figure that originated as a syncretic combination of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth?
Hermes Trismegistus
an early alchemist known from the works of Zosimos of Panopolis, she lived between the first and third centuries A.D. in Alexandria, her axiom “One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth”, possibly invented tribikos, kerotakis and bain-marie.
Mary the Jewess
William Bickford (1774–1834) was an English inventor, who, formerly a currier, invented which item useful in mining?
Safety Fuse
His pioneering scientific work, the development of experimental methods and repeatable demonstrations on the physics of the vacuum, atmospheric pressure, electrostatic repulsion, his advocacy for the reality of “action at a distance” and of “absolute space” were noteworthy contributions for the advancement of the Scientific Revolution? University in hometown of Magdeburg named after him.
Otto von Guericke
Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered cobalt c. 1735. He was the first person to discover a metal unknown in ancient times.
Georg Brandt
a French physician and chemist, best known for his 1718 affinity tables
Etienne Geoffroy
German-Swedish scientist discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, nitrogen, and chlorine, among others. He discovered organic acids tartaric, oxalic, uric, lactic, and citric, as well as hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, and arsenic acids.
Carl Wilhelm SCHEELE
white, crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes but also in tamarinds, bananas, avocados, and citrus
Tartaric Acid
cream of tartar official chemical name
Potassium Bitartrate (KC4H5O6)
French physicist who co-discovered namesake law of magnetostatics with Félix Savart, established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization of light. He discovered the physical properties of cream of tartar.
Jean-Baptiste Biot
Double eponymous law in physics is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current? two french men.
Biot-Savart Law
In physics, when magnetostatics does not apply, the Biot–Savart law should be replaced by which Ukrainian born American’s equations?
Jefimenko
an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4), It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. From wood sorrel mostly, famously rhubarb.
Oxalic Acid
Which acid causes gout?
Uric acid
Sucrose is made of which two subunits?
Glucose and Fructose
Lactose is made of which two subunits?
Glucose and Galactose
Which disaccharide is formed from two units of Glucose?
Maltose
From Greek for “congealed” or “curdled”, a heteropolysaccharide, a structural acid contained in the primary lamella, in the middle lamella, and in the cell walls of terrestrial plants?
Pectin
class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants, particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily
Lignin
long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose, second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of insects
chitin
what enzyme breaks down proteins
Protease
What enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase
Bile made and released by which organ?
Liver (stored in gall bladder)
sold under the brand name Prozac, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, real medical nam is?
Fluoxetine
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) known as which brand name from parent company Chemours?
Teflon
trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consists of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and other extermination camps.
Zyklon B
an organic chemical compound with the formula COCl2. It is a toxic, colorless gas; in low concentrations, its musty odor resembles that of freshly cut hay or grass. extremely poisonous and was used as a chemical weapon during World War I, where it was responsible for 85,000 deaths. It is a highly potent pulmonary irritant and quickly filled enemy trenches due to it being a heavy gas.
PHOSGENE
extremely toxic organophosphorus compound. A colourless, odourless liquid, it is used as a chemical weapon due to its extreme potency as a nerve agent. It was discovered in 1938 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at IG Farben who were attempting to create stronger pesticides and named after surname initials.
Sarin
a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery, occurs naturally in a number of plants of the nightshade family, including deadly nightshade (belladonna).
Atropine
extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate, originated from pesticide development work at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). It was developed further at Porton Down in England during the early 1950s,[8] based on research first done by Gerhard Schrader, a chemist working for IG Farben in Germany during the 1930s. Used to assassinate Kim Jong-Nam at Kuala Lumpur in 2017.
VX
extremely toxic compound of the organophosphate family, discovered by accident and name is a joke of the word taboo.
Tabun
early British chemist who invented the concept of catalysis and discovered photoreduction. She was described as ‘the first solo woman researcher of modern chemistry’.
Elizabeth Fulhame
French chemist. He was best known for his discovery of the law of definite proportions in 1794, stating that chemical compounds always combine in constant proportions: a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
Joseph PROUST
English clergyman who made major contributions to a range of scientific fields including botany, pneumatic chemistry and physiology. He was the first person to measure blood pressure. He also invented several devices, including a ventilator, a pneumatic trough and a surgical forceps for the removal of bladder stones. In addition to these achievements, he was a philanthropist and wrote a popular tract on alcoholic intemperance. Won Copley Medal in 1739.
Stephen Hales
Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after him.
Joseph Black
In thermodynamics, what term is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature? Symbol c.
Specific heat capacity
In thermodynamics, what term is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation?
Latent heat
Scientist who discovered hydrogen calling it inflammable air, did experiment to calculate density of the Earth.
Henry Cavendish
Born 1765, French inventor and one of the earliest pioneers of photography. He developed heliography, a technique he used to create the world’s oldest surviving products of a photographic process
Nicephore Niepce
Born 1711, Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions.
Mikhail Lomonosov
Term for the powdery metallic oxide formed when an ore or mineral has been heated.
Calx
Spanish chemist, and the first to isolate tungsten with his brother Juan José in 1783. He was in charge, under a King of Spain commission, of organizing the School of Mines in México City and so was responsible for building the Palacio de Minería, a structure that would house the school.
Fausto Elhuyar
Strongest magnets in the world consist of and named after which element?
Neodymium
Element Number 64 named after who?
Gadolinium (Johan Gadolin - Finnish)
he is credited with discovering cerium and selenium, and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium
Jons Jakob Berzelius
Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the element lutetium (which he named cassiopeium), separating it from ytterbium in 1907, setting off the longest priority dispute in the history of chemistry.
Carl Auer VON WELSBACH
French chemist known for his discoveries of the chemical elements gallium, samarium and dysprosium.
Paul-Émile Lecoq de BOISBAUDRAN
French chemist who designed an apparatus to produce a spark using an induction coil and used it to generate the spectra of rare earth elements which he examined using spectroscopy, thus detecting the element europium in 1896, and isolated it as the oxide europia in 1901. He helped Marie Curie to confirm the existence of another new element, radium, in 1898.
Eugène-Anatole DEMARCAY
Swedish chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known for his discovery of the chemical elements holmium and thulium. In 1874 he theorised that didymium was in fact two elements; this theory was confirmed in 1885 when Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered neodymium and praseodymium.
Per Teodor CLEVE
French pharmacist and agronomist, best remembered as a vocal promoter of the potato as a food source for humans in France and throughout Europe. His many other contributions to nutrition and health included establishing the first mandatory smallpox vaccination campaign (under Napoleon beginning in 1805, when he was Inspector-General of the Health Service) and pioneering the extraction of sugar from sugar beets.
Antoine-Augustin Parmentier
What is the term for the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst?
Catalysis
HPLC is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures, stands for?
High Performance (Pressure) Liquid Chromatography
Which element was just used for the lining in the contact process for making sulphur acid?
Platinum
BASF subbed in which oxide for platinum to make the contact process more efficient?
Vanadium
Peregrine Phillips, a vinegar manufacturer of Bristol, made which process his patent of 1831?
Contact Process for Sulphuric Acid
What in chemistry is the determination of the proportions in which elements or compounds react with one another? Comes from Greek for “element” “measure”.
Stoichiometry
the negatively charged electrode by which electrons enter an electrical device
Cathode
What is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device?
Cathode (mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs)
What is the electrode of a polarized electrical device through which conventional current enters the device?
Anode (mnemonic ACID for anode current into device)
laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical research published by which scientist in 1833?
Michael Faraday
The Ideal Gas Law was first stated by which French scientist? In civil engineering, came up with theorem of three moments is a relationship among the bending moments at three consecutive supports of a horizontal beam.
Émile Clapeyron
also known as the law of volumes, which gas law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion?
Charles’s Law (French born 1746, with the Robert brothers launched the world’s first hydrogen-filled gas balloon August 27, 1783)
an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. Law states that “equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules.
Avogadro’s Law
the number of particles (atoms or molecules) of an ideal gas per volume (the number density), and usually quoted at standard temperature and pressure. Also known as Avogadro Constant, named after Austrian scientist.
Loschmidt constant
Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
The ratio of the volumes of gases consumed or produced in a chemical reaction is equal to the ratio of simple whole numbers. The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the gaseous products can be expressed in simple whole numbers. LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES gives small whole number ratios named after which scientist?
Gay-Lussac
law of partial pressures states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. Named after which scientist?
John Dalton
Born 1771 Etruria, English photographer and inventor. He is most widely known as an early experimenter in the field of photography.
He is the first person known to have thought of creating permanent pictures by capturing camera images on material coated with a light-sensitive chemical. His practical experiments yielded only shadow image photograms that were not light-fast, but his conceptual breakthrough and partial success have led some historians to call him “the first photographer”.
Thomas Wedgwood
Born 1801, French photographer and pioneer in the history of photography. He invented his own process that produced direct positive paper prints in the camera and presented the world’s first public exhibition of photographs on 24 June 1839. He claimed to have invented photography earlier than Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre in France and William Henry Fox Talbot in England, the men traditionally credited with its invention.
Hippolyte Bayard
Daguerreotypes were created onto sheets of which metal?
Copper
Used in photography, hypo is an inorganic formula with what official chemical name?
Sodium thiosulfate
Born 1800, French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities. He also developed a method for the analysis of nitrogen in compounds.
JB Dumas
In chemistry, term for compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae. They have the same number of each type of atom but may have different physical and chemical properties.
Isomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity?
Constitutional isomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that have the same connectivity but differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space?
Stereoisomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images?
Enantiomers
Of the four types of isomer, what is term for the isomers that are stereoisomers that are NOT enantiomers?
Diastereomers
German scientist born 1800 who first discovered the process to do the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea? Was also the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.
Friedrich Wohler
a functional group with the chemical formula −COCH3 and the structure −C(=O)−CH3. group contains a methyl group (−CH3) single-bonded to a carbonyl (C=O). Found in aspirin.
Acetyl
In organic chemistry, what is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well? Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules. One that acts as a branch extending from the backbone of a hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent or side chain, which typically can be removed from the molecule and substituted with others. Comes from Latin for middle.
Moiety
is a functional group with the formula −CH=CH2. It is the ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) molecule (H2C=CH2) with one fewer hydrogen atom. The name is also used for any compound containing that group, namely R−CH=CH2 where R is any other group of atoms.
Vinyl
What does PVA glue stand for?
Polyvinyl Acetate
Which functional group is an alkyl derived from another gas, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3 (whereas normal gas has the formula CH4)?
Methyl Group
Which German chemist born 1743 discovered uranium (1789)[6] and zirconium (1789). He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium (1795), strontium (1793), cerium (1803), and chromium (1797) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium (1798) and beryllium (1798).
Martin Klaproth
In organic chemistry, which group is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure R−CH2−C6H5? It features a benzene ring (C6H6) attached to a methylene group (−CH2−) group. It is not to be confused with phenyl with the formula C6H5.
Benzyl group
In organic chemistry, which group is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5? It is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, minus a hydrogen, which may be replaced by some other element or compound to serve as a functional group. This group has six carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal planar ring, five of which are bonded to individual hydrogen atoms, with the remaining carbon bonded to a substituent.
Phenyl group
Which group is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula −CH2CH2CH3 for the linear form. This substituent form is obtained by removing one hydrogen atom attached to the terminal carbon of namesake hydrocarbon?
Propyl group
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to carbon. These range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugars and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, conferring hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur.
Alcohols
In chemistry, what are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair? Formally, they are are derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group.
Amine
In organic chemistry, what is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R’, where R and R’ can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents? These contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (which contains a carbon–oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest version is acetone (where R and R’ are methyl).
Ketone
What is name for a steroid from the androstane class containing a ketone and a hydroxyl group at positions three and seventeen respectively?
Testosterone
In organic chemistry, what are a class of compounds that contain a namesake group—an oxygen atom bonded to two organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula R−O−R′, where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. These are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin.
Ethers
In chemistry, what usually refers to organic compounds “with a chemistry typified by benzene” and “cyclically conjugated.? These are now defined as cyclic compounds satisfying Hückel’s Rule. They are typically split into two categories - benzoids, that contain a benzene derivative and follow the benzene ring model, and non-benzoids.
Aromatic compound or Arenes
In organic chemistry, what is an organic acid that contains a namesake group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a ________ acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. These acids occur widely, important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids.
Carboxylic acid
Connection of alkane/alkene/alkyne and type of bonds between carbon atoms?
Alkanes: single bond
Alkenes: double bond
Alkyne: triple bond
In chemistry, what is a functional group derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (−R)? Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to this category as well. Glycerides are fatty acid _____s of glycerol.
Ester
What acid is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula B(OH)3?
Boric Acid
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the −C≡N. The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with this term in industrial literature. Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group are called cyanides instead.
Nitrile
In organic chemistry, what is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O? The functional group itself (without the “R” side chain) can also be classified as a formyl group.
Aldehyde
Simple aldehyde: CH2O and structure H−CHO, more precisely H2C=O. It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings.
Formaldehyde
simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H.
Formic acid
In organic chemistry, what is the functional group with the formula R−N=C=O? They are usually produced from amines by phosgenation, i.e. treating with phosgene:
RNH2 + COCl2 → RNCO + 2 HCl
Isocyanate
What compounds are organic compounds bearing the functional group diazenyl (R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ can be either aryl or alkyl groups)? Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups. From French for Nitrogen.
Azo compound
straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Greek for butter.
Butyric acid
Common name for Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3COOH, straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid. It is found in the perennial flowering plant from which it gets its name.
Valeric acid
also known as hexanoic acid, is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4COOH, found in goat fat.
Caproic acid (Capric acid is coconut and palm kernel oil)
saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain, name from Greek for tallow, one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature and in the food supply, following palmitic acid.
Stearic acid
also known as icosanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon chain, name from Latin for peanut
Arachidic acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, what is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated?
Fatty acid
What is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group? It can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. Etymology is fire grape.
Pyruvic acid
What is the namesake chemical reaction which involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid? Named after Italian scientist who worked on atomic weights.
Cannizzaro reaction
Scottish obstetrician and a significant figure in the history of medicine. He was the first physician to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in humans and helped to popularize its use in medicine.
Sir James Young Simpson
German physician, best known for creating the pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy.
Samuel Hahnemann
common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts. Used as a paralyzing agent by indigenous peoples in Central and South America for hunting and for therapeutic purposes, it only becomes active when it contaminates a wound or is introduced directly to the bloodstream;
Curare
Highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents, comes from a tree in India and Southeast Asia: also known as nux vomica.
Strychnine
a local anesthetic of the amino amide type. It is also used to treat ventricular tachycardia. It was discovered in 1946 by Nils Lofgren and went on sale in 1948, first known as Xylocaine.
Lidocaine
a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area around a tooth, acts mainly as a sodium channel blocker. It was created by the chemist Alfred Einhorn who gave the chemical the trade name known as today.
Novocaine/Procaine
also known as aniline purple, what was name of synthetic dye discovered in 1856 by William Henry Perkin?
Mauveine
American scientist, inventor, and women’s rights campaigner. She was the first scientist to confirm that certain gases warm when exposed to sunlight, and that therefore rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels could increase atmospheric temperature and affect climate, a phenomenon now referred to as the Greenhouse effect.
Eunice Newton Foote
In the history of the periodic table, German chemist’s triads were an early attempt to sort the elements into some logical order and sets based on their physical properties. They are analogous to the groups (columns) on the modern periodic table. 53 elements were known at his time. Claim to invent first lighter.
Döbereiner
In physical chemistry,whose equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates? The equation was proposed by this person in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van ‘t Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions.
Svante Arrhenius
Baltic German chemist and philosopher, who is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhenius? He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis, chemical equilibria, and reaction velocities. Coined term “mole”.
Wilhelm Ostwald
German physicist and physical chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid-state physics. His formulation of the _____ heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for developing the ______ equation in 1887.
Walther Nernst
Whose heat theorem says that as absolute zero is approached, the entropy change ΔS for a chemical or physical transformation approaches 0?
Walther Nernst
In thermodynamics, what term is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure?
Gibbs Free Energy
In physicsthermodynamics, what is the sum of a thermodynamic system’s internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume?
Enthalpy
German chemist and zymologist, awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fermentation? To do with enzymes.
Eduard Buchner
German industrial chemist after whom namesake flask and namesake funnel are named. The patent for his two inventions was published in 1888.
Ernst Buchner
Which French chemist born 1795 discovered the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833? He is also known for isolating and naming the carbohydrate cellulose.
Anselme Payen
What is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium? Named after French chemist, It can be defined as: If the equilibrium of a system is disturbed by a change in one or more of the determining factors (as temperature, pressure, or concentration) the system tends to adjust itself to a new equilibrium by counteracting as far as possible the effect of the change.
Le Chatelier’s Principle
The voltaic cell created by Volta was using which two metals?
Copper and Zinc
Which famous scientist first discovered methane while collecting samples at Lake Maggiore?
Alessandro Volta
In 1807, what did Humphrey Davy electrolyse to discover potassium?
Potash
In 1807, what did Humphrey Davy electrolyse to discover sodium?
Caustic Soda/Lye
an electrical component that stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar. It typically consists of a glass jar with metal foil cemented to the inside and the outside surfaces, and a metal terminal projecting vertically through the jar lid to make contact with the inner foil. It was the original form of the capacitor
Leiden Jar
variant of Alessandro Volta’s voltaic pile and was designed by the Scottish professor of chemistry William Cruickshank in 1800. Cruickshank devised a solution to the problem of the pile by placing the battery horizontally inside a rectangular box. The interior of the box was coated with shellac to provide insulation, and sets of zinc and copper plates, which were welded together, were arranged evenly within the box.
Trough battery
Born 1766, English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium. He also developed a way to process platinum ore into malleable ingots.
William Hyde Wollaston
Born 1761, English chemist. He is best known for his discovery of the elements iridium and osmium, which he found in the residues from the solution of platinum ores in 1803. He also contributed to the proof of the identity of diamond and charcoal.
Smithson Tennant
he is credited with discovering cerium and selenium, and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium.
Jons Jacob Berzelius
stereoisomers arising because of hindered rotation about a single bond, where energy differences due to steric strain or other contributors create a barrier to rotation that is high enough to allow for isolation of individual conformers. From Greek for “not to be turned”.
Atropisomer
Greek for equal form, in mathematics, what is a structure-preserving mapping between two structures of the same type that can be reversed by an inverse mapping?
Isomorphism
Fulminate ion is unstable (CNO-) but what isomer is the stable version (OCN-)?
Cyanate
From Latin for lightning, what ion has chemical composition CNO-?
Fulminate
Urea is the organic compound isomer of which inorganic compound? Used by Wohler to create urea.
Ammonium Cyanate
From the French for “derived from grape juice”, what acid is an isomer of tartaric acid? It is an equal mixture of two mirror-image isomers (enantiomers), optically active in opposing directions.
Racemic Acid
What eponymous piece of laboratory equipment, specifically a condenser consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket? Used in distillation.
Liebig condenser
British chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule (the masses of the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom)?
Francis William ASTON
German pigment and dye producer known for first synthesizing a blue pigment known as Prussian blue (i.e. iron blue or Berlin blue).
Johann Jacob DIESBACH
an organic compound with the formula (O2N)3C6H2OH, name comes from Greek for bitter due to taste. Used as explosive or as yellow dye. Known as Lyddite also.
Picric Acid
TNT stands for?
Trinitrotoluene
British women who worked in munitions manufacturing trinitrotoluene (TNT) shells during the First World War (1914–1918), nickname from colour of women.
Canary Girls
François-Emmanuel Verguin, the director of the chemical factory of Louis Rafard near Lyon, tried many different formulae before finally in late 1858 or early 1859, mixing aniline with carbon tetrachloride, producing a reddish-purple dye which he called “fuchsine”, later named what?
Magenta
shade of red that is biased slightly more towards purple than towards orange on the color wheel and has a blue undertone, named after organic dye found in madder plant. Known as Turkey Red. In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically. From Arabic for pressed fruit.
Alizarin
also known as calcium copper silicate, a pigment that was used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years.
Egyptian Blue
chemically a cupric hydrogen arsenite (also called copper arsenite or acidic copper arsenite), CuHAsO3. It is chemically related to Paris green. Invented by eponymous inventor. During his exile on St. Helena, Napoleon resided in a house in which the rooms were painted bright green, his favorite color. The cause of his death is generally believed to have been stomach cancer, and arsenic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of gastric carcinoma.
Scheele’s Green
an organic compound with a distinctive blue color, extracted from namesake plants, most today is synthetic, name comes from country of origan , used in denim.
Indigo
Which German chemist discovered TNT in 1863?
Joseph Wilbrand
Which Italian chemist discovered Nitroglycerine in 1847 in Turin?
Ascanio Sobrero
What type of soil is used as a filtration aid, mild abrasive in products including metal polishes and toothpaste, mechanical insecticide, absorbent for liquids, matting agent for coatings, reinforcing filler in plastics and rubber, anti-block in plastic films, porous support for chemical catalysts, cat litter, activator in coagulation studies, a stabilizing component of dynamite, a thermal insulator, and a soil for potted plants and trees as in the art of bonsai?
Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur)
An explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or guncotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate). Invented by Nobel who also invented dynamite.
Gelignite
Named after Norwegian mineralogist, a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (sulfide ore-loving or chalcogen-loving), and atmophile (gas-loving) or volatile (the element, or a compound in which it occurs, is liquid or gaseous at ambient surface conditions).
Goldschmidt Classification
In Victor Goldschmidt’s classification, what is the term for iron-loving?
Siderophile
In Victor Goldschmidt’s classification, what is the term for sulfide ore-loving or chalcogen-loving?
Chalcophile
In Victor Goldschmidt’s classification, what is the term for gas-loving?
Atmophile
set of four quantum numbers that describe the unique quantum state of an electron
1 Principal
2 Azimuthal
3 Magnetic
4 Spin
SPDF blocks of periodic table/subshells stand for
Sharp
Principal
Diffuse
Fundamental
Which shell name has maximum 2 electrons?
K
Which shell name has maximum 8 electrons?
L
Which shell name has maximum 18 electrons?
M
Which shell name has maximum 32 electrons?
N
An N shell can hold how many electrons as a maximum?
32
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, which rule states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible?
Aufbau principle
Which German physicist’s rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity?
Friedrich HUND
In quantum mechanics, which principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics?
Pauli exclusion principle
English scientist and inventor of the Victorian era, his contributions including to the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). Contributed to ideas behind an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component.
Charles Wheatstone
British astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astronomical spectroscopy together with his wife, was also the first to distinguish between nebulae and galaxies by showing that some (like the Orion Nebula) had pure emission spectra characteristic of gas, while others like the Andromeda Galaxy had the spectral characteristics of stars. He then served as President of the Royal Society from 1900 to 1905.
William Huggins (wife Margaret)
in atomic physics, what is one of a set of six named series describing the spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom? Named after Swiss scientist born in 1825. The visible spectrum of light from hydrogen displays four wavelengths, 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm, and 656 nm, that correspond to emissions of photons by electrons in excited states transitioning to the quantum level described by the principal quantum number n equals 2.
Balmer series
In 1888, which Swedish scientist generalized the Balmer equation for all transitions of hydrogen? Mainly known for devising his namesake formula, in 1888, which is used to describe the wavelengths of photons (of visible light and other electromagnetic radiation) emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
Johannes Rydberg
In physics and chemistry, which series is a hydrogen spectral series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n = 1 (where n is the principal quantum number), the lowest energy level of the electron (groundstate)? Named after American scientist.
Lyman series
All the wavelengths in the Lyman series are in which electromagnetic spectrum band?
Ultraviolet
Paschen series and Brackett series of hydrogen spectral series are in which electromagnetic spoectrum band?
Infrared
In physics, what is name for an anomalous difference in energy between two electron orbitals in a hydrogen atom? The difference was not predicted by theory and it cannot be derived from the Dirac equation, which predicts identical energies.
Lamb shift (Willis Lamb)
What are a set of spectral absorption lines, dark absorption lines, seen in the optical spectrum of the Sun, and are formed when atoms in the solar atmosphere absorb light being emitted by the solar photosphere? The lines are named after German physicist.
Fraunhofer lines
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered which two alkali metals in 1860?
Cesium and Rubidium
French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, but there is no justification for the conclusion that he deserves credit for the co-discovery of the element helium although sometimes happens.
Pierre Janssen
Born 1836 Rugby, English scientist and astronomer. Along with the French scientist Pierre Janssen, he is credited with discovering the gas helium. He also is remembered for being the founder and first editor of the influential journal Nature.
Norman Lockyer
What are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule? Can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. Namesake introduced it in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule.
Lewis Structures
British crystallographer, pacifist, and prison reform activist. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945 (along with Marjory Stephenson).
Kathleen Lonsdale
British biochemist. In 1945, she was one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, the other being Kathleen Lonsdale. She wrote Bacterial Metabolism (1930).
Marjory Stephenson
French geologist and mineralogist who was the first to arrange the chemical elements in order of atomic weights, doing so in 1862. He devised a spiral graph that was arranged on a cylinder, which he called vis tellurique, or telluric helix because tellurium was the element in the middle of the graph.
Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de CHANCOURTOIS
British chemist who worked concerning the periodicity of elements, was the first person to devise a periodic table of chemical elements arranged in order of their relative atomic masses[4] published in Chemical News in February 1863, continuing Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner’s work with triads and Jean-Baptiste Dumas’ families of similar elements. He published his LAW OF OCTAVES.
John NEWLANDS
In chemistry, which term of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules? It is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms.
Valency
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-boron?
Scandium (21)
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-aluminium?
Gallium
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-manganese?
Technetium
Of Mendeleev’s four predicted elements, what is the current name of the element he called eka-silicon?
Germanium
Horizontal rows of the periodic table are called what?
Periods
Vertical columns of the periodic table are called what?
Groups
One of the Benfey’s publications in Chemistry was a model of an extended periodic table, sometimes referred to as the periodic ______, which animal due to its spiral shape?
Snail
What are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule?
Dipole-Dipole
What is an intermolecular force (IMF) that forms a special type of dipole-dipole attraction when a certain element’s atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom exists in the vicinity of another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons? This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker than fully covalent or ionic bonds. This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins.
Hydrogen Bond
What are a type of intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically symmetric; that is, the electrons are symmetrically distributed with respect to the nucleus? They are part of the van der Waals forces. Weakest intermolecular force and named after a German physicist?
London dispersion force
The first and second laws were formally stated in works by which German scientist and which British scientist?
Rudolf Clausius
William Thomson
In 1931, he was the first to formulate and label the zeroth law of thermodynamics. British physicist.
Ralph H Fowler
Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology. He published extensively on the history of science. In addition, He wrote popular books on science and society. He was a communist activist and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Created ice rules are basic principles that govern arrangement of atoms in water ice with Ralph Fowler. Had namesake space settlement named after him ______ sphere.
J.D. Bernal
Scottish physicist who created a Fahrenheit-based equivalent to the Celsius-based Kelvin scale of temperature? Has a namesake vortex, namesake body, introduced the term “potential energy”. Big in fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.
William RANKINE
In chemistry, which law is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants? It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixture that is in equilibrium, the ratio between the concentration of reactants and products is constant. Both aspects stem from the research performed by Cato M. Guldberg and Peter Waage between 1864 and 1879.
Law of mass action
Name brand introduced by Corning Inc. in 1915 for a line of clear, low-thermal-expansion borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware and kitchenware. It was later expanded in the 1930s to include kitchenware products made of soda–lime glass and other materials.
PYREX
Otto Schott invented borosilicate glass when he added which compound to silica?
Boron Trioxide
What is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents? Many metal-containing compounds, especially those that include transition metals (elements like titanium that belong to the periodic table’s d-block), are these things.
Coordination Complex
In chemistry, what term, defined originally in 1893 by Alfred Werner, is the total number of neighbors of a central atom in a molecule or ion?
Coordination Number
In coordination chemistry what is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex? The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of their electron pairs, often through Lewis bases. Latin for bind.
LIGAND
Swiss chemist who was a student at ETH Zurich and a professor at the University of Zurich. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 for proposing the octahedral configuration of transition metal complexes. He developed the basis for modern coordination chemistry. He was the first inorganic chemist to win the Nobel Prize, and the only one prior to 1973.
Alfred Werner
What is molecular weight of water?
18g/mol (16 oxygen, 1 per hydrogen)
What is molecular weight of methane?
16g/mol (12 carbon, 1 per hydrogen)
What is molecular weight of ammonia?
17g/mol (14 nitrogen, 1 per hydrogen)
What type of enzyme is a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end?
Restriction Enzyme
What is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme’s role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction)? These can be considered “helper molecules” that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which these happen are characterized in an area of study called enzyme kinetics. These typically differ from ligands in that they often derive their function by remaining bound.
Cofactors
What is the light-emitting enzyme responsible for the bioluminescence of fireflies and click beetles?
Luciferase (Luciferin is the chemical itself)
Named after scientist, what are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? Glial cells function to support neurons and in the PNS, also include satellite cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, enteric glia and glia that reside at sensory nerve endings, such as the Pacinian corpuscle.
Schwann Cell
German physician who discovered pepsin aming it after Greek for digestion. Also has something in human body named after him. Also coined metabolism.
Theodor Schwann
Named after scientist, also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. These are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential.
Nodes of Ranvier
From latin for “leap, jump”, in neuroscience, what is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials?
Saltatory conduction
Which triple eponymous disease is a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body? This disease is the most commonly inherited neurological disorder, affecting about one in 2,500 people. In the foot, the lack of muscle, a high arch, and claw toes are signs of this genetic disease.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Christina’s World is a 1948 painting by which American painter and one of the best-known American paintings of the mid-20th century? Woman crawling over field, Anna had a degenerative muscular disorder, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.
Andrew Wyeth
rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system, Typically, both sides of the body are involved, and the initial symptoms are changes in sensation or pain often in the back along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands, often spreading to the arms and upper body. Named after two French neurologists.
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Which Danish scientist came up with pH scale?
Soren Sorensen
English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”.
Frederick Soddy
Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist. He is best known today for his 1971 book The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, in which he argued that all natural resources are irreversibly degraded when put to use in economic activity. He was the first economist of some standing to theorise on the premise that all of earth’s mineral resources will eventually be exhausted at some indeterminate future point.
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy (1862) as the start of the mathematical method in economics, outlining the marginal utility theory of value. He received public recognition for his work on The Coal Question (1865), in which he called attention to the gradual exhaustion of Britain’s coal supplies and also put forth the view that increases in energy production efficiency leads to more, not less, consumption = JEVONS PARADOX.
William Stanley JEVONS
Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics. He contributed to the development of the theories of marginalism and marginal utility, which rejected cost-of-production theory of value, such as developed by the classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. As a departure from such, he would go on to call his resultant perspective, the subjective theory of value. Quote: “both sides gain from exchange”.
Carl Menger
French mathematical economist and Georgist. He formulated the marginal theory of value (independently of William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger) and pioneered the development of general equilibrium theory. Has namesake auction named after him. His namesake law implies that the sum of the values of excess demands across all markets must equal zero, whether or not the economy is in a general equilibrium.
Leon Walras
German organic chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules, which he characterized as polymers. For this work he received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for his discovery of ketenes and of his namesake reaction.
Hermann Staudinger
Who discovered atom nucleus and thus protons in 1911?
Ernest Rutherford
Name the two scientists who did the gold foil experiment which found the atom’s nucleus?
Geiger-Marsden
English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932
James Chadwick
English physicist who shared with Ernest Walton the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951 for splitting the atomic nucleus, and was instrumental in the development of nuclear power?
John Cockcroft
What was was the research and development programme authorised by the United Kingdom, with participation from Canada, to develop nuclear weapons during the Second World War?
Tube Alloys
Austrian-born British physicist who worked on nuclear physics. With Otto Stern and Immanuel Estermann he first measured the magnetic moment of the proton. With Lise Meitner he advanced the first theoretical explanation of nuclear fission (coining the term) and first experimentally detected the fission by-products. Later, with his collaborator Rudolf Peierls he designed the first theoretical mechanism for the detonation of an atomic bomb in 1940.
Otto Robert Frisch
Whose atomic model is based on the quantum mechanical and wave nature of electrons in 1926?
Erwin Schrodinger
Who invented Bakelite in 1907?
Leo Baekeland
Russian-Italian botanist who invented chromatography. His last name is Russian for “colour” and is also the root word of “flower.”
Mikhail Tsvet
Austrian-German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938 “for his work on carotenoids and vitamins” but rejected the prize as Hitler had forbidden German citizens to accept it. Specifically, he carried out important work on vitamin B2 and the antidermatitis vitamin B6.
Richard Kuhn
German Humanist scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist, the first to drop the Arabic definite article al-, exclusively writing chymia and chymista in describing activity that we today would characterize as chemical or alchemical, giving chemistry its modern name, For his groundbreaking work De Natura Fossilium published in 1546, he is generally referred to as the Father of mineralogy and the founder of geology as a scientific discipline.
Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer)
Spanish toxicologist and chemist, the founder of the science of toxicology, born 1787.
Mathieu Orfila
British biochemist, and shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of partition chromatography with Archer Martin. Between 1942 and 1948 he studied peptides of the protein group gramicidin, work later used by Frederick Sanger in determining the structure of insulin.
Richard Laurence Millington SYNGE
German physical chemist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Innsbruck who is regarded as one of the most important pioneers in gas chromatography, born 1900.
Erika Cremer
German-born Canadian chemist. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research in chemical kinetics. His father, Mihály (Michael), was a noted chemist and philosopher. His uncle, Károly (Karl) was a renowned political economist, best known for his seminal work, The Great Transformation.
John POLANYI
What is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface? Coined by Heinrich Kayser in 1881.
Adsorption
Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered the element nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines? Considered a founder of modern mineralogy, for introducing the blowpipe as a tool for mineralogists.
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Who discovered cobalt in 1739? Swedish chemist.
Georg Brandt
analytical technique often used to separate and identify compounds present in a given mixture TLC stands for what?
Thin Layer Chromatography
widely used technique for enzyme purification because of the net charge characteristics of enzymes, the charged functional groups are covalently bound to the solid surface of the matrix - IEC stands for?
Ion Exchange Chromatography
broad analytical chemistry technique used to separate compounds in a chemical mixture. These separations utilize the pressure-driven flow of a mobile phase through a column packed with a stationary phase. HPLC stands for?
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
an analytical method that combines the features of two methods - GC-MS stands for?
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
an analytical method that combines the features of two methods - LC-MS stands for?
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
A NASA space probe launched in 2018 with the mission of making observations of the outer corona of the Sun. It will approach to within 9.86 solar radii (6.9 million km or 4.3 million miles) from the center of the Sun, and by 2025 will travel, at closest approach, as fast as 690,000 km/h (430,000 mph) or 191 km/s, which is 0.064% the speed of light. It is the fastest object ever built.
PARKER SOLAR PROBE
What are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes? If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow, due to electrons emitted from the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the voltage supply. They were first observed in 1859 by German physicist Julius Plücker and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf.
Cathode Ray
What is defined as a nuclear decay process in which a parent nucleus emits a particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons, similar to a helium nucleus?
Alpha decay
is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide?
Beta decay
What is one type of radioactive decay that a nucleus can undergo? No charged particles are ejected from the nucleus when it undergoes this type of decay. Instead, a high energy form of electromagnetic radiation is released.
Gamma decay
French chemist and physicist. He discovered gamma rays in 1900 while studying the radiation emanating from radium.
Paul VILLARD
Uranium-238 eventually decays to what element and isotope?
Lead-206
Most abundant and stable isotope of Uranium?
Uranium-238
Which uranium isotope is important for both nuclear reactors (energy production) and nuclear weapons because it is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissile in response to thermal neutrons, i.e., thermal neutron capture has a high probability of inducing fission?
Uranium-235
Uranium isotope used in Little Boy?
Uranium-235
Plutonium isotope used in Fat Man?
Plutonium-239
Plutonium-239 can be made from which isotope of Uranium?
Uranium-238 (turns to Uranium-239 by catching neutron, converts to Neptunium-239 by losing electron, then converts to Plutonium-239 by losing electron)
A decay product of a plutonium isotope, what isotope and element is found in most smoke alarms?
Americium-241
What isotope used for carbon dating?
Carbon-14
most abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon amounting to 98.93% of element carbon on Earth
Carbon-12
American physicist notable for his contributions to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy. He is regarded as the founder of astronomical infrared spectroscopy.
William Coblentz
an astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located on a peak in the San Gabriel Mountains near Pasadena, northeast of Los Angeles. The observatory contains two historically important telescopes: the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope, which was the largest aperture telescope in the world from its completion in 1917 to 1949, and the 60-inch telescope which was the largest operational telescope in the world when it was completed in 1908.
Mount Wilson Observatory
American astrophysicist, best known for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots, and as the leader or key figure in the planning or construction of several world-leading telescopes; namely, the 40-inch refracting telescope at Yerkes Observatory, 60-inch reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, 100-inch Hooker reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson, and the 200-inch reflecting telescope at Palomar Observatory.
George Ellery Hale
astronomical observatory owned and operated by the University of California. It is on the summit of Mount Hamilton, in the Diablo Range just east of San Jose, California, United States. Named after American. The first new moon of Jupiter to be identified since the time of Galileo, Amalthea, the planet’s fifth moon, was discovered at this observatory in 1892.
Lick Observatory
an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States, the dwarf planet Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh here.
Lowell Observatory
An astronomical observatory located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, United States. The observatory was operated by the University of Chicago Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics from its founding in 1897 until 2018.
Yerkes Observatory
American astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE) with George Smoot. He served as the senior project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) from 1995 until 2023, when he was succeeded by Jane Rigby.
John C. Mather
An international gathering focused on celebrating astronomy, space exploration, music, art, and the natural sciences. It was founded by astronomer / amateur musician Garik Israelian and musician / astrophysicist Brian May. First three were in Canary Islands, recently Armenia, and 2024 Bratislava.
Starmus Festival
who discovered infradred radiation in 1800?
William Herschel
Who is credited with the discovery of Titania and Oberon (moons of Uranus) and Enceladus and Mimas (moons of Saturn)?
William Herschal
Which physicist discovered UV radiation in 1801?
Johann Wilhelm RITTER
technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas, what does FTIS stand for?
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
In physics, engineering and mathematics, what is an integral transform that takes a function as input and outputs another function that describes the extent to which various frequencies are present in the original function? The output of the transform is a complex-valued function of frequency.
Fourier Transform
In mathematics, what is an integral transform that converts a function of a real variable (usually t, in the time domain) to a function of a complex variable s (in the complex-valued frequency domain, also known as s-domain, or s-plane)?
Laplace Transform
In mathematical analysis, what three word term, also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one? It is called the delta function because it is a continuous analogue of the Kronecker delta function, which is usually defined on a discrete domain and takes values 0 and 1.
Dirac delta function
Named after German mathematician, in mathematics, what is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers? The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise. It appears naturally in many areas of mathematics, physics, engineering and computer science, as a means of compactly expressing its definition above.
Kronecker delta
a brand name for a thermosetting polymer developed and trademarked in 1927 by the American _______ Corporation of New York City, when the patent on Bakelite expired that year. A phenol formaldehyde resin, it can be worked with files, grinders, and cutters, and polished to a fine sheen. It is transparent, near colorless, rather than opaque. Unlike other phenolics, it can be produced in bright colors or even marbled. liquid resin was cast and cured with heat, and then polished by hand into Art Deco designs. Notable designers of these radios included Norman Bel Geddes and Walter Dorwin Teague. The grips on John Wayne’s iconic six shooter, seen in every movie from El Dorado through True Grit, were made of this polymer, not ivory, as often thought.
Catalin
an acid–base reaction theory which was first developed by a Danish and English scientist independently in 1923. The basic concept of this theory is that when an acid and a base react with each other, the acid forms its conjugate base, and the base forms its conjugate acid by exchange of a proton (the hydrogen cation, or H+). This theory generalises the Arrhenius theory.
Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory
What is a chemical process used for making nitric acid (HNO3) named after scientist? Ammonia converted into nitric acid in two stages, initial oxidation of ammonia, secondary oxidation, then conversion of nitric oxide.
Ostwald process
What is the catalyst used in the Haber process?
Iron
What catalyst now used in the Contact process?
Vanadium process
Which catalyst used in the Ostwald process?
Platinum
organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the chemical formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group?
Methanol
German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. It was formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies, founded by Carl Bosch amongst others.
IG Farben
German chemist known for his namesake process for producing synthetic fuel from coal, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1931, together with Carl Bosch) in recognition of contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods. Having worked with IG Farben during World War II, his citizenship came into question following the war, causing him to ultimately flee to Argentina, where he acted as adviser to the Ministry of Industry.
Friedrich Bergius
German pathologist and bacteriologist, is credited with the discovery of sulfonamidochrysoidine (KL730) as an antibiotic for which he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The drug became the first commercially available antibiotic and marketed under the brand name Prontosil.
Gerhard Domagk
Who were first country to ban leaded fuel?
Who were last country to ban leaded fuel?
Japan - 1986
Algeria - 2021
Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years, born 1675. Alternative name for the parotid duct named after him. 1669 is credited with four of the defining principles of the science of stratigraphy. His law in crystallography: states that the angles between corresponding faces on crystals are the same for all specimens of the same mineral.
Nicolas Steno (Stensen’s Duct)
Carbon atoms are arranged how in diamond?
Tetrahedrally
German physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Namesake crystallography equations: relate incoming waves to outgoing waves in the process of elastic scattering, where the photon energy or light temporal frequency does not change upon scattering by a crystal lattice.
Max von Laue
Russian and Soviet engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of the world’s first hyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges. He is also the inventor of the first cracking method.
Vladimir Shukhov
Pepper Spray also known as OC Spray - what does OC stand for?
Oleoresin Capsicum spray
Which P____ spray an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray? approved for police and prison service use in the United Kingdom. British police forces had traditionally used CS gas spray, but with the more widespread carriage of tasers, has now entirely replaced its predecessor due to its non-flammable nature.
PAVA spray
the lachrymatory agent commonly referred to as CS gas, what does CS stand for?
Corson and Stoughton
the brand name of an early type of aerosol self-defense spray invented by Alan Lee Litman in the 1960s. The first commercial product of its type, Litman’s design packaged phenacyl chloride (CN) tear gas dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents into a small aerosol spray can.
Mace
an organic chemical compound with the formula COCl2. It is a toxic, colorless gas; in low concentrations, its musty odor resembles that of freshly cut hay or grass, extremely poisonous and was used as a chemical weapon during World War I, where it was responsible for 85,000 deaths. was synthesized by the Cornish chemist John Davy (1790–1868) in 1812 by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine to sunlight. Name light and give birth.
Phosgene
In science, what is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas?
Aerosol
What is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance?
Colloid
Which effect effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid such as a very fine suspension? The intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, so blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light.
TYNDALL Effect
Austrian-born chemist. He was known for his research in colloids, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1925, as well as for co-inventing the slit-ultramicroscope, and different membrane filters.
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for the discovery of deuterium. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, as well as contributing to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter.
Harold Urey
experiment in chemical synthesis carried out in 1952 that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present in the atmosphere of the early, prebiotic Earth. The experiment used methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), in ratio 2:2:1, and water (H2O). Applying an electric arc (the latter simulating lightning) resulted in the production of amino acids.
Miller-Urey experiment
Scottish medical doctor and writer. She coined the term isotope in 1913 in a suggestion to chemist Frederick Soddy.
Margaret Todd
Polish American physical chemist of Polish-Jewish origin, a pioneer in the science of radioactivity and the co-discoverer of chemical element protactinium. Namesake method in argentometry, has namesake law with Soddy on Law of Radioactive Displacements. in chemistry, is a rule governing how a small amount of one substance (tracer) is carried down to a precipitate of another substance present in much larger amount (carrier) by coprecipitation or adsorption alongside ______-Paneth-Hahn.
Kazimierz Fajans
Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Born 1777.
Hans Christian Orsted
British chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule.
Francis William Aston
German organic chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules, which he characterized as polymers. For this work he received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Hermann Staudinger
Named after Scottish chemist, law found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of its particles?
Graham’s Law
metallurgist and inventor from Birmingham, England made the first man-made plastic
Alexander Parkes (Parkesine)
American chemist, inventor, and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, who was credited with the invention of nylon.
Wallace CAROTHERS
American chemist. He discovered polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon, in 1938.
Roy PLUNKETT
Two types of making a polymer through polymerisation?
Addition and Condensation (involves making a molecule most of the time water)
Hevea brasiliensis, is a flowering plant belonging to the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, originally native to the Amazon basin, latex extracted from this tree is primary source of what?
Natural Rubber
In science, what is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water?
Latex
What was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula? an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide
Cellulose
a semi-synthetic fiber, made from natural sources of regenerated cellulose, such as wood and related agricultural products. It has the same molecular structure as cellulose. Hilaire de Chardonnet was the first to patent artificial silk, although Georges Audemars had invented a variety called _____ in 1855.
Rayon
thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose, was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger while employed by Blanchisserie et Teinturerie de Thaon.
Cellophane
the monomer of natural rubber, C. G. Williams named the compound in 1860 after obtaining it from the pyrolysis of natural rubber; he correctly deduced the empirical formula C5H8.
Isoprene
is named after storax balsam, the resin of Liquidambar trees of the Altingiaceae plant family. an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H8. Its structure consists of a vinyl group as substituent on benzene. 35m tonnes made in 2018.
Styrene
German engineer, industrial designer and industrialist born in Schorndorf, was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. He invented the high-speed liquid petroleum-fueled engine. Also seen as “the father of the motorcycle” the first internal combustion motorcycle which was named the Petroleum Reitwagen (Riding Car).
Gottlieb Daimler
German engine designer and industrialist. During the 1890s he was hailed in France, then the world centre for car production, as the “King of Designers”. In 2002, Daimler AG began to produce models under the luxury marque name of his surname. Together with Gottlieb Daimler, developed light, high-speed internal combustion engines suitable for land, water, and air use. These were fitted to the world’s first motorcycle, motorboat, and after Daimler’s death, a new automobile introduced in late 1902, the Mercedes model, built to the specifications of Emil Jellinek.
Wilhelm Maybach
automobile entrepreneur of the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG), responsible in 1900 for commissioning the first modern automobile, the Mercedes 35hp. He created the Mercedes trademark in 1902, naming it in honor of his daughter, Mercédès.
Emil Jellinek
German engine designer and automotive engineer. His Patent-Motorwagen from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production. He received a patent for the motorcar in 1886, the same year he first publicly drove the Patent-Motorwagen.
Carl Benz
British organic chemist and Nobel laureate recognised in 1947 for his research on plant dyestuffs (anthocyanins) and alkaloids. Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms “curved arrows” or “curly arrows” showing direction of electrons created by him.
Robert Robinson
Name the two men who won Nobel Prize of Physiology/Medicine in 1945 alongside Alexander Fleming?
Howard FLOREY
Ernst CHAIN
Gram-positive bacteria with name coming from Greek for bunch of grapes berry?
staphylococcus
Name the macromolecule that provides a thick layer in cell wall of gram-positive bacteria?
peptidoglycan
Gram-positive spherical bacteria with name coming from Greek for “easily twisted/chain” “berry”.
Streptococcus
Weil’s disease is the acute, severe form of which disease spread via animal urine and faeces and name meaning Narrow Coil.
Leptospirosis
tropical infection of the skin, bones, and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) in diameter. The current English name is believed to be of Carib origin meaning sore.
Yaws
Pyogenic meanings producing what?
Pus
cluster of boils caused by bacterial infection, most commonly with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, used as an insult by Charles III before.
Carbuncle
Born 1624, English physician. He was the author of Observationes Medicae (1676) which became a standard textbook of medicine for two centuries so that he became known as ‘The English Hippocrates’. Said “a man is as old as his arteries”. Namesake chorea known as St Vitus Dance.
Thomas Sydenham
the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases. Greek for disease.
Nosology
Which disease comes from Greek for leather?
Diptheria
Schick Test used to diagnose which disease?
Diptheria
What disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum?
Syphilis
German pathologist and bacteriologist.
He is credited with the discovery of sulfonamidochrysoidine (KL730) as an antibiotic for which he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The drug became the first commercially available antibiotic and marketed under the brand name Prontosil.
Gerhard Domagk
Jewish Ukrainian inventor, Nobel Prize laureate, biochemist and microbiologist whose research into the decomposition of organisms that live in soil enabled the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics. In 1952, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for “ingenious, systematic, and successful studies of the soil microbes that led to the discovery of streptomycin.”
Selman Waksman
Italian and naturalized-American physicist and Nobel laureate, who discovered the elements technetium and astatine, and the antiproton, a subatomic antiparticle, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1959 along with Owen Chamberlain.
Emilio Segre
Who won 1933 Nobel Physics for predicted the existence of positive and negative solutions to Einstein’s energy equation E=mc^{2} and the existence of the positron, the antimatter analog of the electron, with opposite charge and spin?
Paul Dirac
Positron is the antiparticle of which subatomic particle?
Electron
He, wife Ida, and Otto Berg reported the discovery of element 43 technetium and element 75 rhenium in 1925.
Walter Noddack
What metastable nuclear isomer that is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope in the world? It is used as a radioactive tracer and can be detected in the body by medical equipment (gamma cameras). It is well suited to the role, because it emits readily detectable gamma rays with a photon energy of 140 keV.
Technetium-99m
synthetic polymer which most famous brand is Teflon is PTFE, what does PTFE stand for?
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Which bond between which two elements is labeled as “the strongest in organic chemistry”?
Carbon-Fluorine
French cookware and small appliance manufacturer, owned by Groupe SEB (a global manufacturer of cookware) since 1968, founded by Marc Gregoire, creating the non-stick cookware.
TEFAL
What measure of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules?
Valency
What is the valency of carbon?
4
What is the valency of nitrogen?
3
What is the valency of oxygen?
2
All halogens have what valency?
1
All noble gases have what valency?
0 as have full outer shells
In chemistry, what is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic? It describes the degree of loss of electrons of an atom in a chemical compound.
Oxidation state
Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1936. Namesake model in 1912 to estimate phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box in contrast to the Einstein photoelectron model, which treats the solid as many individual. His first major scientific contribution was the application of the concept of dipole moment to the charge distribution in asymmetric molecules in 1912, developing equations relating dipole moments to temperature and dielectric constant.
Peter Debye
What is a measure of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges within a system: that is, a measure of the system’s overall polarity? The SI unit is the coulomb-meter (C⋅m). The debye (D) is another unit of measurement used in atomic physics and chemistry.
Electric dipole moment
most electronegative element
Fluorine
What is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The Pauling scale is the most commonly used.
Electronegativity
Greek letter for electronegativity
Chi - 22nd letter
American organic chemist. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”, specifically retrosynthetic analysis. One of his students James Altom committed suicide and blamed him.
EJ Corey
Swiss physical chemist and Nobel laureate awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions towards the development of Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These underpin applications to both to chemistry with NMR spectroscopy and to medicine with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Richard R Ernst
Mexican physical chemist. He played a pivotal role in the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in discovering the threat to the Earth’s ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases. He was the first Mexican-born scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the third Mexican-born person to receive a Nobel prize.
Mario Molina
chemical compound with formula cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]. It is a coordination complex of platinum that is used as a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers, discovered in 1845 and licensed for medical use in 1978 and 1979 after work from Barnett Rosenberg.
Cisplatin
American biochemist. In recognition of his role in the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and was awarded the Japan Prize in the same year.
Kary MULLIS
Nobel 2019: He is credited with identifying the Goodenough–Kanamori rules of the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials, with developing materials for computer random-access memory and with inventing cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
John B Goodenough
MOSFET stands for?
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
Voyager 1 and 2 are powered by which element?
Plutonium-238
American physicist credited with being the first to produce a transuranium element, neptunium. For this, he shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Glenn Seaborg. Co-invented the synchrotron with Vladimir Veksler.
Edwin McMillan
techentium was first created from which other element when fired with neutrons?
Molybdenum-98
In 1980, Glenn Seaborg was able to transmute ______-209 atoms into gold.
Bismuth
What element was the nucleus that was the first to be split (by Ernest Rutherford in 1919)?
Nitrogen
American radiochemist who was involved in the discovery of elements 104 and 105 (rutherfordium and dubnium, respectively). He was the head of the Heavy Isotopes Production Group, part of the Nuclear Chemistry Division of the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for being the first African American to contribute to the discovery of new elements.
James Andrew HARRIS
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins. First proposed by which scientist in 1962? Credited with discovery of polysomes and Z-DNA.
Alexander Rich
the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds, Alexander Oparin in 1924 and J. B. S. Haldane in 1929 proposed that the first molecules constituting the earliest cells slowly self-organized from a primordial soup. Greek for not life making.
Abiogenesis
Born 1892 British-Indian scientist, article on abiogenesis in 1929 introduced the “primordial soup theory”, which became the foundation for the concept of the chemical origin of life. He established human gene maps for haemophilia and colour blindness on the X chromosome, and codified _______’s rule on sterility in the heterogametic sex of hybrids in species. He is also remembered for his work in human biology, having coined “clone”, “cloning”, and “ectogenesis”.
JBS Haldane
Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life and for his book The Origin of Life.
Alexander Oparin
Which nucleobase is paired with Adenine?
Thymine
Which nucleobase is paired with Cytosine?
Guanine
Which nucleobase is paired with Thymine?
Adenine
Which nucleobase is paired with Guanine?
Cytosine
What nucleobase replaces thymine in RNA compared to DNA?
Uracil
What is an aromatic heterocycle composed of carbon and nitrogen? Examples adenine, guanine. They act as metabolic signals, provide energy, control cell growth, are part of essential coenzymes, contribute to sugar transport and donate phosphate groups in phosphorylation reactions.
Purines
What nucleobases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
Which nucleobases are pyramidines?
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
Born 1769. English salonnière of Republic of Geneva descent, and an innovative writer of popular, explanatory science books. She also broke ground with Conversations on Political Economy (1816), which explain the ideas of Adam Smith, Malthus and David Ricardo. Did Conversations on Chemistry and Conversations on Natural Philosophy.
Jane MARCET
Swedish chemist who discovered the chemical element lithium in 1817 by isolating it as a salt during analysis of petalite in the lab of Jons Jakob Berzelius.
Johan August Arfwedson
research-led medical university in Solna within the Stockholm urban area of Sweden and one of the foremost medical research institutes globally. The Nobel Assembly at the this place awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Karolinska Institute
Swedish chemist. He discovered the rare earth elements lanthanum, erbium and terbium. Also discovered didymium which eventually cracked into praseodymium (59) and neodymium (60).
Carl MOSANDER
British chemist and physicist born 1832 who attended the Royal College of Chemistry, now part of Imperial College London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the namesake tube which was made in 1875. Discovered thallium (81) in 1861.
William Crookes
French chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds. Also invented an electric furnace.
Henri Moissan
Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the element lutetium (which he named cassiopeium), separating it from ytterbium in 1907, setting off the longest priority dispute in the history of chemistry.
Carl Auer von WELSBACH
American chemist who developed the “____ Method” for making ethyl ester derivatives of chaulmoogra oil, which were used as a treatment for leprosy during the early 20th century. She was the first woman and first African American to receive a master’s degree from the University of Hawaiʻi, and was also the university’s first female and African American chemistry professor.
Alice BALL
American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first person to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol.
Percy JULIAN
Spanish physician and biochemist, and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of “the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)”.
Severo OCHOA
American stereochemist. He is a two-time Nobel laureate in Chemistry known for his work on stereoselective reactions and click chemistry. He was awarded half of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions”, and one third of the 2022 prize, jointly with Carolyn R. Bertozzi and Morten P. Meldal.
Karl Barry Sharpless
an organic reaction that uses a palladium complex catalyst to cross-couple a boronic acid to an organohalide, discovered and named after scientist who won 2010 Nobel Chemistry with Heck and Negishi for their contribution to the discovery and development of noble metal catalysis in organic synthesis.
Akira SUZUKI method
He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces. His research laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts. German physicist.
Gerhard ERTL
an author-level metric that measures both the productivity and citation impact of the publications, initially used for an individual scientist or scholar. This index correlates with success indicators such as winning the Nobel Prize, being accepted for research fellowships and holding positions at top universities. The index is based on the set of the scientist’s most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications.
h-index (Hirsch index)
Spanish scientist, medical researcher, and author in the fields of biochemistry and molecular genetics. discovery of the bacterial virus Φ29 DNA polymerase was recognized by the Spanish National Research Council as the highest-grossing patent in Spain. She was the first scientific woman ever elected to the Royal Spanish Academy.
Margarita Salas
Israeli crystallographer and Nobel laureate in Chemistry, best known for her pioneering work on the structure of ribosomes. She received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome.
Ada Yonath
Israeli scientist discovered the icosahedral phase, which opened the new field of quasiperiodic crystals. He was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals, making him one of six Israelis who have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Dan SHECHTMAN
Egyptian-American chemist, known as the “father of femtochemistry”. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian and Arab to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field, and the second African to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Ahmed ZEWAIL
Scottish chemist shared the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Benjamin List “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”, this uses a small carbon-based molecule as caytalyst to produce special molcules called enantiomers.
David Macmillan
In chemistry, what term used for one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable onto their own mirror image, the other being diastereomers? From Greek for opposite.
Enantiomers
Word Greek for suffering, a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease?
Pathogen
What are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates?
Nucleotides
a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis - ATP stands for what?
Adenosine triphosphate
Endogenous steroid and sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species, it’s the pregnancy hormone.
Progesterone
polypeptide hormone which helps produce milk
Prolactin
Fur on newborn babies name
Lanugo
Name for the first breast milk babies eat
Colostrum
The label GFP traditionally refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and is sometimes called avGFP, Scientists Roger Y. Tsien, Osamu Shimomura, and Martin Chalfie were awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry on 10 October 2008 for their discovery and development of the GFP, what does GFP stand for?
Green Fluorescent Protein
Together with César Milstein and Niels Kaj Jerne, which German biologist won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984, “for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies”?
Georges KOHLER
American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs. Her work led to the creation of the anti-retroviral drug AZT, which was the first drug widely used against AIDS. Her well known works also include the development of the first immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine, used to fight rejection in organ transplants, and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV), used in the treatment of herpes infection.
Gertrude ELION
An electron capture detector (ECD) is a device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization. The device was invented in 1957 by which scientist and latter environmentalist?
James LOVELOCK
Most ozone is found in which layer of the atmosphere?
Stratosphere
broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP). It is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses that compete with crops. Its herbicidal effectiveness was discovered by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970. Sold under brand name RoundUp.
Glyphosate
DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. DDT’s insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. What does DDT stand for?
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Swiss chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.
Paul MULLER
odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone . It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine, and in the roots of several other members of the Fabaceae. It was used in the past as a broad-spectrum insecticide, and is still used as a piscicide to remove alien fish species.
Rotenone
Insectiside hundreds of years old is extracted from a specific species of Chrysanthemum daisies and is often the active ingredient found in botanical insecticides? Ultimately derived greek fire.
Pyrethrum
Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding CEO and Director of Research of the Translational Research Institute (Australia). He and Jian Zhou developed and patented the basic technology behind the HPV vaccine against cervical cancer at the University of Queensland.
Ian Frazer
German virologist. He carried out research on cervical cancer and discovered the role of papilloma viruses in cervical cancer, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008.
Harald zur Hausen
A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid?
Codon
In biology, the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it carries tells the cell how to link amino acids together to form proteins.
Translation
Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate who specialises in the field of evolutionary genetics. As one of the founders of paleogenetics, he has worked extensively on the Neanderthal genome. In 2022, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”.
Svante PAABO
What is the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template. This process is driven by RNA-dependent DNA polymerases?
Reverse Transcription
heat-stable (thermostable) DNA polymerase extracted from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus aquaticus. Its predominant function is in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, where it automates the repetitive step of amplifying specific DNA sequences.
Taq Polymerase
DNA polymerase I (or Pol I) is an enzyme that participates in the process of prokaryotic DNA replication. Discovered by which American scientist in 1956 who received Nobel in 1959 for work, it was the first known DNA polymerase (and the first known of any kind of polymerase). It was initially characterized in E. coli and is ubiquitous in prokaryotes. In E. coli and many other bacteria, the gene that encodes Pol I is known as polA.
Arthur KORNBERG
English chemist. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes.
Harry Kroto
Japanese physicist and inventor, often cited as the inventor of carbon nanotubes.
Sumio Iijima
PLA has become a popular material due to it being economically produced from renewable resources. In 2021, PLA had the highest consumption volume of any bioplastic of the world, what does PLA stand for?
Polylactic acid
AFM is very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit, what does AFM stand for?
Atomic Force Microscopy
The precursor to the AFM, the STM, was developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in the early 1980s at IBM Research – Zurich, a development that earned them the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics. What does STM stand for?
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
What DE is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural selection to steer proteins or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal? Origins in the 60s the “Spiegelman’s Monster” experiment. 2018 Nobel Chem given to Frances Arnold for this.
Directed Evolution
NAD is a coenzyme central to metabolism what does it stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that is able to be reproduced by the RNA replication enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase. It is named after its creator, Sol Spiegelman, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who first described it in 1965.
Spiegelmann’s Monster
What refers to a type of crystal growth or material deposition in which new crystalline layers are formed with one or more well-defined orientations with respect to the crystalline seed layer? From Greek “above” “an ordered manner”.
Epitaxy
carborundum contains which two elements
Silicon Carbide
a mid-engine sports car, designed and developed in Germany by the Volkswagen Group and Bugatti and manufactured in Molsheim, France, by French automobile manufacturer Bugatti. It was named after the French racing driver.
Bugatti VEYRON
The Corvette as in Little Red Corvette made by which car company?
Chevrolet
What STM used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, then at IBM Zürich, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986?
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules.[1] He is known for the namesake rules to predict the electron configuration of chemical elements. His work on namesake cases and molecular orbital theory allowed to understand the structure of molecules.
Friedrich HUND
Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his work in electron tunneling in semiconductor materials which finally led to his invention of the namesake diode, which exploited that phenomenon.
Leo ESAKI
Institute in Dubna, Moscow Oblast (110 km north of Moscow), Russia, is an international research center for nuclear sciences, with 5500 staff members including 1200 researchers holding over 1000 Ph.Ds from eighteen countries. Most scientists are scientists of Russian Federation.
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
national scientific research institute in Japan. Founded in 1917, it now has about 3,000 scientists on seven campuses across Japan, including the main site at Wakō, Saitama Prefecture, on the outskirts of Tokyo. Two scientists have won the Nobel prize for physics: Hideki Yukawa in 1949 and Shin’ichirō Tomonaga in 1965. Created Nihonium. K Computer being built there.
Riken
In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons (either protons or neutrons, separately) such that they are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus. As a result, atomic nuclei with a “magic” number of protons or neutrons are much more stable than other nuclei. The seven most widely recognized magic numbers as of 2019 are what?
2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126
abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula Pb(C2H5)4. It was widely used as a fuel additive for much of the 20th century, first being mixed with gasoline beginning in the 1920s. This “leaded gasoline” had an increased octane rating that allowed engine compression to be raised substantially and in turn increased vehicle performance and fuel economy, what does TEL for?
Tetraethyllead
The elements in group 1 of the periodic table are also known as what? Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, rubidium.
Alkali metals
Hungarian-American[2] biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. Won Nobel medicine alongside Weissman in 2023.
Katalin KARIKO
What is the term for the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its high temperature? From Latin for to glow white.
Incandescence
type of photoluminescence, When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a substance of this type will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. This material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, it absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed.
Phosphorescence
Term for the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation which is not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light?
Fluorescence
What is is a process of applying heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to extract a desired base metal product?
Smelting
The patio process is a process for extracting which metal element from ore
Silver
What is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble. These can then be washed out and processed to give the pure metal; the materials left over are commonly known as tailings.
Leaching
What is thermal treatment of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed carbonate ores) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting under restricted supply of ambient oxygen (i.e. gaseous O2 fraction of air), generally for the purpose of removing impurities or volatile substances and/or to incur thermal decomposition? From Latin to burn lime.
Calcination
In mining, term for the commercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit?
Gangue
In mining, term is the material that lies above an area that lends itself to economical exploitation, such as the rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above a coal seam or ore body?
Overburden
In mining, what are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore?
Tailings
Most common gas in atmosphere of Venus making up 96.5% of its atmosphere?
CO2
Which Danish astronomer makes the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light in 1676 by timing the motions of Jupiter’s satellite Io with a telescope?
Ole Romer
Which pair detect the cosmic microwave background radiation, giving support to the theory of the Big Bang (1964)? Nobel in Physics in 1978.
Arlo Penzias and Robert Wilson
Which Scottish physician publishes ‘A Treatise of the Scurvy’ which describes a controlled shipboard experiment using two identical populations but with only one variable, the consumption of citrus fruit (1753)?
James LIND
Born 1626, Italian physician, naturalist, biologist, and poet.[1] He is referred to as the “founder of experimental biology”,[2][3] and as the “father of modern parasitology”.[4][5] He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.
Francesco REDI
Who and his son Francis, using dark-grown oat seedlings, discover the stimulus for phototropism is detected at the tip of the shoot (the coleoptile tip), but the bending takes place in the region below the tip (1880)?
Charles Darwin
Which German-Austrian ethologist decodes the waggle dance honey bees use to communicate the location of flowers (1940)? Won 1973 Nobel Medicine.
Karl von FRISCH
Which pair moot the “one gene-one enzyme hypothesis” based on induced mutations in bread mold Neurospora crassa (1941)? Shared 1958 Nobel Medicine.
George Wells BEADLE and Edward Lawrie TATUM
1943) (also called the Fluctuation Test) demonstrated that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selective pressure rather than being a response to it. Thus, it concluded Darwin’s theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. Namesake pair won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in part for this work.
Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria
Double named experiment uses bacteriophage to prove that DNA is the hereditary material (1952)? Male won Nobel in 1969 but female missed out.
Hershey–Chase experiment (by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase)
Which double named experiment experiment proves that DNA replication is semiconservative (1958)?
Meselson-Stahl experiment
In famous experiment, who clones an animal, a frog tadpole, from an egg cell using the nucleus from an intestinal cell (1962)? Awarded the Lasker Award in 2009, in 2012, he and Shinya Yamanaka were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells.
John GURDON
Winning Nobel Medicine 1981, who shows the potential independence of the two sides of the human brain using split-brain patients (1962–1965)?
Roger SPERRY
Who gives name to experiment demonstrating in vitro protein synthesis using synthetic RNA as to substitute for messenger RNA (1961) with Matthaei? Same man gives name to Leder experiment, binding tRNA to ribosomes with synthetic RNA to decipher the genetic code (1964). Nobel shared in 1968.
Marshall NIRENBERG
Who carries a barometer up a church tower and a mountain to determine that atmospheric pressure is due to a column of air (1648)?
Blaise PASCAL
Who determines that chemical reactions in a closed container do not alter total mass. From these observations he establishes the law of conservation of mass (1789)?
Antoine Lavoisier
Who demonstrates that the heat developed by the friction of boring cannon is nearly inexhaustible. This result was presented in opposition to caloric theory (1798)?
Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
Who studies reactions among gases and determines that their volumes combine chemically in simple integer ratios (1809)?
Joseph Gay-Lussac
Who measures the rates of effusion for different gases and establishes namesake law of effusion and diffusion (1833)?
Thomas Graham
Who separates a racemic mixture of two enantiomers by sorting individual crystals, and demonstrates their impact on the polarization of light (1849)?
Louis Pasteur
Which French chemist demonstrates that the decrease in the vapor pressure and freezing point of liquids caused by the addition of solutes is proportional to the number of solute molecules present. This establishes the concept of colligative properties (1878)?
Francois-Marie Raoult
Who studies the conductivity of salt solutions and determines that salts dissociate into ions in water (1884)? Also determines the impact of temperature on reaction rates and formulates the concept of activation energy (1889).
Svante Arrhenius
Which Russian botanist separates chlorophyll from other plant pigments using chromatography (1901)?
Mikhail Tsvet
Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.[5] He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering many of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle and the molecular basis of muscle contraction.
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
Which double named experiment demonstrates that organic compounds can arise spontaneously from inorganic ones (1953)?
Miller-Urey experiment
Which Austro-Hungarian born American chemist disproves the “tetranucleoide theory” of DNA structure and determines that the composition of double-stranded DNA follows the rule, %A = %T and %G = %C (namesake rule). This discovery was critical to the formulation of the Watson-Crick Model of DNA structure?
Erwin CHARGAFF
Who mixes xenon and platinum hexafluoride leading to the first synthesis of a noble gas compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate (1962)?
Neil Bartlett
Who conducts an experiment near the Scottish mountain of Schiehallion that attempts to measure the mean density of the Earth for the first time. Known as the Schiehallion experiment (1774)? Known for endeavours in America.
Charles MASON
Otto von Guericke experiment name after German city: pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure. When the rims were sealed with grease and the air was pumped out, the sphere contained a vacuum and could not be pulled apart by teams of horses. Once the valve was opened, air rushed in and the hemispheres were easily separated.
Magdeburg Hemispheres
performed in 1797–1798 by which English scientist, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant
Henry Cavendish
Namesake spot experiment (1819): Observation of circular diffraction by which French scientist, validated a new wave theory of light by Augustin-Jean Fresnel disproving skeptics like Siméon Denis Poisson?
François Arago
Which Danish physicist demonstrates the connection of electricity and magnetism by experiments involving a compass and electric circuits?
Hans Christian Orsted
Double named experiment (1887): exposes weaknesses of the prevailing variant of the theory of luminiferous aether.
Michelson-Morley experiment
Whose experiment (1909): Hungarian physicist publishes the result of the second series of experiments, clearly demonstrating that inertial and gravitational mass are one and the same?
Loránd Eötvös
In 1919, which English astronomer leads an expedition to the island of Principe to observe a total solar eclipse (gravitational lensing). This allows for an observation of the bending of starlight under gravity, a prediction of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. It was confirmed (although it was later shown that the margin of error was as great as the observed bending)?
Arthur EDDINGTON
1922 experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized? Double named after two German scientists.
Stern-Gerlach experiment
1956 experiment named after Chinese-American scientist leads the team that disproves the conservation of parity in particle physics?
Wu experiment
1995 Nobel Prize won by which pair for their neutrino experiment of 1955 confirming its existence?
Cowan-Reines neutrino experiment
1971 experiment show that atomic clocks flown around the world exhibit differences which are consistent with the predictions of special and general relativity named after which pair?
Hafele-Keating experiment
Won 2022 Nobel Physics, who names was the first quantum mechanics experiment to demonstrate the violation of Bell’s inequalities with photons using distant detectors. Its 1982 result allowed for further validation of the quantum entanglement and locality principles. It also offered an experimental answer to Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen’s paradox which had been proposed about fifty years earlier?
Alain ASPECT’s experiment
Who along with Rosalie Rayner conduct the Little Albert experiment showing evidence of classical conditioning (1920)?
John B Watson
Which psychologist’s experiments with baby monkeys and wire and cloth surrogate mothers (1957–1974)?
Harry HARLOW
Which psychologist’s marshmallow experiment showing the importance to life outcomes of the ability to delay gratification (beginning late 1960s)?
Walter Mischel
Allan and Beatrix Gardner’s attempts to teach American Sign Language to the chimpanzee with which name?(1970s)
Washoe
American psychologist studies learned helplessness in dogs (1970s)?
Martin Seligman
Named after Stanford psychologist, whose experiment (1972). It involved the use of healthy associates or “pseudopatients”, who briefly simulated auditory hallucinations in an attempt to gain admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals. The hospital staff failed to detect a single pseudopatient. The study is considered an important and influential criticism of psychiatric diagnosis.
Rosenhan experiment
Which American city’s preventive patrol experiment (1972–1973) It was designed to test the assumption that the presence (or potential presence) of police officers in marked cars reduced the likelihood of a crime being committed. No relationship was found.
Kansas City
Which American psychologist is best known for her misinformation effect and John C. Palmer’s car crash experiment shows that leading questions can produce false memories (1974)?
Elizabeth LOFTUS
In 2003, he was the first recipient of the Virtual Nobel Prize in Psychology from the University of Klagenfurt “for his pioneering achievements in the experimental investigation of consciousness, initiation of action, and free will”. Whose experiment on free will shows that a readiness potential appears before the notion of doing the task enters conscious experience, sparking debate about the illusory nature of free will yet again. (1983)?
Benjamin Libet
Which Indian-American neuroscientist’s experiment on phantom limbs with the Mirror Box throw light on the nature of ‘learned paralysis’ (1998)?
Vilayanur RAMACHANDRAN
Much-anthologized short story written by Frank R. Stockton for publication in the November issue of The Century Magazine in 1882, title has entered the English language as an allegorical expression, a shorthand indication or signifier, for a problem that is unsolvable.
The Lady or the Tiger
Which element is highest in Mercury’s atmospheric composition?
Oxygen
Mars atmospheric composition has what as highest?
Carbon Dioxide
Jupiter atmospheric composition has what as highest?
Hydrogen
Saturn atmospheric composition has what as highest?
Hydrogen
Pluto atmospheric composition has what as highest?
Nitrogen
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and which other function group? 22 important ones.
Carboxylic acid
In chemistry, what term is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end?
Polarity
In chemistry, what the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes?
Ionisation
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and which other? They can be saturated (in which all the C-C bonds are single requiring the structure to be completed, or ‘saturated’, by hydrogen) like hexane, or unsaturated, like hexene and hexyne. Open-chain compounds, whether straight or branched, and which contain no rings of any type, are always this term.
Aliphatic compounds
In organic chemistry, what term is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone?
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, which German scientist’s rule predicts that a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties if it has 4n + 2 π-electrons, where n is a non-negative integer. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by this physical chemist in 1931?
Erich Hückel
In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated a compound to discover first amino acid and named it what?
Asparagine
American biochemist and nutritionist. He discovered the amino acid threonine, and his research determined the necessity for essential amino acids in diet and the minimum daily requirements of all amino acids for optimal growth.
William Cumming Rose
The last of the 20 common amino acids to be discovered was which amino acid in 1935 by William Cumming Rose, who also determined the essential amino acids and established the minimum daily requirements of all amino acids for optimal growth?
Threonine
The two negatively charged amino acids at neutral pH are which two with symbols D and E?
Aspartate and Glutamate
There are three amino acids with side chains that are cations at neutral pH are which three with symbols R, K or H?
Arginine, Lysine and Histidine
The polar, uncharged amino acids are which four amino acids readily form hydrogen bonds with water and other amino acids? Symbols S, T, N, Q.
serine (Ser, S), threonine (Thr, T), asparagine (Asn, N) and glutamine (Gln, Q)
In chemistry, what term is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups? With amino acids, for example, in solution a chemical equilibrium will be established between the “parent” molecule and this term? German origins.
Zwitterion (German for hermaphrodite)
What amino acid is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin?
Tryptophan
Which amino acid (and its precursor phenylalanine) are precursors of the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine and various trace amines?
Tyrosine
What amino acid was first synthesized in 1850 when Adolph Strecker combined acetaldehyde and ammonia with hydrogen cyanide? It is an aliphatic amino acid, because the side-chain connected to the α-carbon atom is a methyl group (-CH3). Symbol A.
Alanine
What amino acid was first isolated in 1886 from yellow lupin seedlings by the German chemist Ernst Schulze and his assistant Ernst Steiger? It is a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), making it important in the regulation of blood pressure. It’s side chain is amphipathic. Symbol R.
Arginine
Which amino acid has a symbol N?
Asparagine
Which amino acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806? Symbol D.
Aspartic Acid
What amino acid is named after its discovery in urine, which comes from the urinary bladder? Symbol C.
Cysteine
In human blood, this amino acid is the most abundant free amino acid? Symbol Q.
Glutamine
What amino acid is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system? It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Symbol E.
Glutamic Acid
In biology, GABA stands for what?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Which amino acid is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain? It is the simplest stable amino acid. Name from sweet tasting, was discovered in 1820 by French chemist Henri Braconnot when he hydrolyzed gelatin by boiling it with sulfuric acid. Symbol G.
Glycine
Which amino acid contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain? First isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896 with name Greek for tissue.
Histidine (H)
German chemist Felix Ehrlich discovered which amino acid while studying the composition of beet-sugar molasses 1903? Symbol I.
Isoleucine
What amino acid is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid? It it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other. Symbol L.
Leucine
What amino acid was first isolated by the German biological chemist Ferdinand Heinrich Edmund Drechsel in 1889 from hydrolysis of the protein casein? Symbol K.
Lysine
As the precursor of other non-essential amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, what amino acid plays a critical role in the metabolism and health of many species, including humans? Symbol M.
Methionine
What amino acid is found naturally in the milk of mammals. It is used in the manufacture of food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement as it is a direct precursor to the neuromodulator phenethylamine? Symbol F.
Phenylalanine
Amino acid with symbol P
Proline
What amino acid symbol S an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+ 3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid? First obtained from silk.
Serine
What amino acid symbol T contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
3 form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form when dissolved in water), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid? It is synthesized from aspartate in bacteria such as E. coli. Last of the common 20 amino acids to be discovered.
Threonine
Which amino acid is a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin, and vitamin B3?
Tryptophan
Amino acid named after foodstuff from which it is named has symbol Y?
Tyrosine
Which amino acid was first isolated from casein in 1901 by Hermann Emil Fischer? Named after plant from which the namesake acid derived. Symbol is V.
Valine
21st proteinogenic amino acid was discovered in 1974 by biochemist Thressa Stadtman at the National Institutes of Health? Symbol is U.
Selenocysteine
Which amino acid symbol O is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria;[3][4] it is not present in humans?
Pyrrolysine
GLP-1 receptor agonist are a class of anorectic drugs that reduce blood sugar and energy intake by activating the GLP-1 receptor and won Breakthrough of the Year 2023. What does GLP stand for?
Glucagon-like peptide
an artificial intelligence (AI) program developed by DeepMind, a subsidiary of Alphabet, which performs predictions of protein structure - won breakthrough of year award 2021.
AlphaFold
a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with Philae, its lander module, this probe performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P).
Rosetta
Which pharma company founded in Indiana in 1876? They are known for its clinical depression drugs Prozac (fluoxetine) (1986), Cymbalta (duloxetine) (2004), and its antipsychotic medication Zyprexa (olanzapine) (1996). The company’s primary revenue drivers are the diabetes drugs Humalog (insulin lispro) (1996) and Trulicity (dulaglutide) (2014).
Eli Lilly
