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Chemistry > Chemistry paper 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you measure the rate of a reaction?

A
  • loss of reactants

- production of products

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2
Q

Give two ways to measure the quantity of reactant or product:

A
  • Mass
  • Gass produced
  • Colour change
  • PH
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3
Q

What are the units for measuring rate of reaction?

A

amount measured/time —> gas produced = volume/time

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4
Q

Give three ways to measure the rate of reaction:

A
  • colour change
  • mass lost
  • gas produced
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5
Q

How can a change in temperature affect the rate of reaction?

A

higher temperature = faster

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6
Q

How does a change in pressure affect the rate of reaction?

A

high pressure = faster

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7
Q

How does a change in concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

higher concentration = faster

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8
Q

How does a change in the surface area affect the rate of reaction?

A

large = faster

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9
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Speeds up the rate of reaction but aren’t used up

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10
Q

How can a catalyst affect the rate of reaction?

A

Speed it up

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11
Q

What happens to ammonium chloride upon cooling and heating?

A

heat - decomposition

= ammonia + hydrogen chloride

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12
Q

What happens to copper sulphate in addition or removal of water?

A

removal of water means colour change blue to white

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13
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

A

Whatever you do to a reaction the reaction will do the opposite

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14
Q

Define hydrocarbon:

A

A compound that only has hydrogen and carbon in it

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15
Q

What is crude oil made up from?

A

A mixture of different length hydrocarbons

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16
Q

What are the general formulae for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

Methane:

A

CH4

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18
Q

Ethane:

A

C2H6

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19
Q

Propane:

A

C3H8

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20
Q

Butane:

A

C4H10

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21
Q

Why do we need to separate crude oil into fractions?

A

Cause each fraction has different properties used for different things

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22
Q

How does B.P. change with chain length?

A

Long = high BP

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23
Q

How does viscosity change with chain length?

A

Long = Very viscous

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24
Q

How does flammability change with chain length?

A

Long = low flammability

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25
Q

Write the word equation for complete combustion:

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> Carbon-dioxide + water

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26
Q

Why do we need to crack long hydrocarbons?

A

Long ones aren’t very useful but we have lots of them

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27
Q

How do we test for alkenes?

A

Bromine water test -> alkenes = orange to colourless

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28
Q

Define mixture:

A

Some elements or compounds that may or may not be chemically be bonded together

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29
Q

Define formulation:

A

Preparing something

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30
Q

Define melting point:

A

Exact temperature at which an object melts

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31
Q

How can the melting point be used to determine if a compound is pure or not?

A

It should all melt at the same temperature

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32
Q

How can chromatography be used to determine if a compound is pure or not?

A

It will separate out everything and if pure it will all be in one spot

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33
Q

How do you calculate RF values?

A

How far a spot has moved

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34
Q

What is the test for hydrogen gas?

A

Squeaky pop

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35
Q

What is the test for oxygen gas?

A

Relighting a glowing splint

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36
Q

What is the test for carbon-dioxide?

A

Turns limewater cloudy

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37
Q

What is the test for chlorine gas?

A

bleaches damp litmus paper

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38
Q

How much oxygen is in the atmosphere?

A

21%

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39
Q

How much CO2 is in the atmosphere?

A

0.04%

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40
Q

How much nitrogen is in the air?

A

78%

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41
Q

How was the early atmosphere different to today?

A

More CO2 +CH4 -> less O2 + N2

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42
Q

What led to an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

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43
Q

What led to an increase in nitrogen in the atmosphere?

A

break down of ammonia + methane

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44
Q

2 things that decreased the amount of CO2:

A
  • Dissolved in oceans

- Got locked in rocks

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45
Q

What are three greenhouse gases?

A

C02, CH4,H2O

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46
Q

How do greenhouse gases interact with radiation?

A

Causes bonds to vibrate as they absorb and release of heat

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47
Q

Greenhouse gases effect on climate?

A

changes climates - traps heat etc.

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48
Q

2 activities that lead to a rise in greenhouse gases?

A
  • burning fossil fuels

- deforestation

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49
Q

Prediction of future temperature levels?

A

massive increase

50
Q

Define the term carbon footprint:

A

amount of carbon given out based on daily activities

51
Q

What are the major sources of atmospheric pollution?

A

Power stations + cars

52
Q

What effect does carbon-dioxide have on the atmosphere?

A

It traps in radiation - causing things to become warmer

53
Q

What effect does sulfur dioxide have on the atmosphere?

A

Will lead to water vapour

54
Q

What effect does water vapour have on the atmosphere?

A

greenhouse gas - trap radiation

55
Q

What effect does carbon monoxide have on the atmosphere?

A

greenhouse gas - trap radiation

56
Q

What effect does nitrogen oxides have on the atmosphere?

A

greenhouse gas - more efficient - better at trapping heat

57
Q

What effect do carbon particles have on the atmosphere?

A

Global dimming - similar to soot

58
Q

What effect does pollution have on humans?

A

Air pollution -> health risk

59
Q

What effect does pollution have on plants?

A

A change in PH of water or nutrients

60
Q

What effect does pollution have on animals?

A

long-term - Animals have to evolve to survive, e.g. moths - short-term acid rain

61
Q

What different ways can humans use earth’s resources?

A

plants - food +animals

mining - resources and minerals

62
Q

Give three resources we get from the earth:

A
  • water
  • fossil fuels
  • rocks
63
Q

Define finite resources:

A

Something that will run out

64
Q

Define renewable resource:

A

Never going to run out

65
Q

How do you produce portable water?

A

Filtration + boiling

66
Q

How do you sterilise water?

A

Heat to kill + filter

67
Q

How do you desalinate water?

A

evaporate and condense the water

68
Q

Why are new methods of material extraction necessary?

A

because materials aren’t as accessible as they previously used to be

69
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Uses bacteria to extract copper from low yield ores

70
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Uses plants to extract copper from low yield ores - broccoli

71
Q

How do we access the impact of an object?

A

production, use, recyclability

72
Q

How do we analyse a life cycle assessment?

A

energy requirement and environmental impact

73
Q

How can we reduce the number of resources used?

A

We can reuse things/recycle things

74
Q

What is rusting?

A

When iron mixes with water to produce iron oxide

75
Q

How can we prevent corrosion?

A

By removing one of the things that cause rusting e.g. water or oxygen or by covering the object to prevent these from coming in contact with it

76
Q

What is the structure of an alloy?

A

A distorted structure with no layers

77
Q

How does a structure of an alloy relate to its properties?

A

Distorted structure means no sliding between layer meaning it is very hard

78
Q

What is the composition of most of the glass we use?

A

silicon dioxide

79
Q

What are clay ceramics?

A

Made from clay and sand which is baked and end up being very hard

80
Q

How does the structure of polymers relate to their properties?

A

strong crosslinks - do not melt - thermosetting

weak intermolecular forces - melt when heated - thermosoftening

81
Q

What is the Haber process used for?

A

Production of ammonia

82
Q

In the Haber process, where do nitrogen and hydrogen come from?

A

The air

83
Q

What conditions are needed for the Haber process?

A

Iron catalyst, 450º C, 200 atmospheres

84
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

85
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

double bonds

86
Q

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen —> CO2, H20, CO and carbon particles

87
Q

Difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

A 
complete = lots of O2
incomplete = not a lot of 02
88
Q

Alkene + Halogen?

A

Bromine water -> colour change

89
Q

Alkene + Water?

A

Take water and produces alcohol

90
Q

Alkene + Hydrogen?

A

Hydrogonation or hardening

91
Q

What is the functional group for alcohol?

A

O-H-

92
Q

What is the main use of alcohol?

A

drinking

93
Q

What happens when sodium reacts with alcohol?

A

violent reaction

94
Q

What happens when alcohol reacts with oxygen?

A

burn

95
Q

What happens when alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent?

A

Carboxylic acids

96
Q

What are conditions needed for fermentation?

A

yeast, glucose, warm

97
Q

What are uses for carboxylic acids?

A

Vinegar

98
Q

Happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

Gas will be CO2

99
Q

Happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with water?

A

Lose a hydrogen ion

100
Q

Happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol?

A

ester + water

101
Q

Define monomer:

A

A small bit

102
Q

Define polymer:

A

Lots of small bits joined together

103
Q

Describe polymerisation:

A

Joining together of small bits

104
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Polymerisation with a small molecule where water is usually released

105
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double Helix

106
Q

How does DNA relate to amino acids?

A

we have 3 DNA bases which make an amino acid

107
Q

What is the colour flame test for lithium?

A

red

108
Q

What is the colour flame test for sodium?

A

brick red/orange

109
Q

What is the colour flame test for potassium?

A

lilac

110
Q

What is the colour flame test for calcium?

A

yellowy red

111
Q

What is the colour flame test for copper?

A

blue/green

112
Q

What happens when you react with sodium hydroxide with aluminium?

A

White precipitate + more will eventually dissolve

113
Q

What happens when you react with sodium hydroxide with calcium?

A

White precipitate

114
Q

What happens when you react with sodium hydroxide with magnesium?

A

White precipitate

115
Q

What happens when you react with sodium hydroxide with copper (II)?

A

Blue precipitate

116
Q

What happens when you react with sodium hydroxide with iron (II)?

A

Blue/green/grey precipitate

117
Q

What happens when you react with sodium hydroxide with iron (III)?

A

Red/Brown precipitate

118
Q

What is the test for carbonate ions?

A

mix with the acid = release of CO2

119
Q

What is the test for halide ions?

A

Add silver nitrate = Chloride -> white - Bromide -> Cream ppt - Iodide -> yellow ppt

120
Q

What is the test for sulfate ions?

A

Add Barium chloride = White ppt

Chemistry (5 decks)

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