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Biology 111 > Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Unit 1

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1
Q

Polymer

A

A substance made of many similar units bonded together

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2
Q

Monomer

A

A single molecule that can be bonded to others to form a polymer

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3
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Long-chain of nucleotides present in living cells ie.DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Nucleoside

A

base + sugar

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5
Q

Bases and H-bonding

A

Purines (2 rings) – pyrimidines (1 ring)
Adenine – Thymine/Uracil (2 H-bonds, weaker)
Guanine – Cytosine (3 H-bonds, stronger)
Hydrogen Bonding
(H with N, O or F)
-Slightly ionic (opposite charges)
-Slightly covalent ( H gets full shell, O/F/N does not)
-Strong because molecules are polar and H valence e- in closest shell so very strong attraction
-Very different electronegativities

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6
Q

nucleic bases descriptions

A

Purines (2-rings):
Adenine (no Oxygen, NH2 at top)
Guanine (1 Oxygen at top + NH2 on lower right)

Pyrimidines (1 ring):
Thymine (Oxygen at top and lower right, CH3 top right)
Uracil (Oxygen at top and lower right, smaller than T)
Cytosine (NH2 on top, Oxygen lower right only)

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7
Q

Van Der Waals Interactions

A

Dipole-dipole attraction
temp, perm (polar), H-bonding (perm + H-O/F/N)
-Weak between 2 atoms, accumulatively large within DNA structure
-Stronger when closer together
-Result of uneven e- distribution within molecules
-H-bonding within the base pair (A-T/U, G-C)

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8
Q

pH of bases

A

Phosphoric acid ion: H3PO4

  • Phosphate charge -1 (1 negative O2 atom because only 3H+ but 4O-)
  • DNA is a weak acid
  • Bases are weak base, acidic phosphates protect them
  • Attraction between nucleic acid and cation cloud
    • Strong electrostatic bond
    • Form strong ionic bond - donate e-
    • Stronger with larger difference in charges
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9
Q

Organic Compound

A

Contains Carbon

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10
Q

Functional Groups

A

-INPUT FROM CHEM FLASHCARDS-

Phosphate H3PO4 -> H2PO4- (acidic)
Phosphodiester is phosphate with 2 ester bonds
amide is basic normally
amide is acid when in peptide bond

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11
Q

Amino acids

A

polarity:
H-bonding:
Hydrophilic/phobic

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12
Q

H-bonding
Donor
Acceptor

A

NH or OH functional group - H covalently bonded, high electronegativity
O or N functional groups - lone e- pair, dipole attraction to H nucleus (whose e- is more attracted to other covalent molecules as more electronegativity)
donate - loose H+
accepts - gains H+

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13
Q

Acid-base

A

Brønsted–Lowry
Acid - donates H+ NOTE: NH in Amide is not basic as donates H+
Base - accepts H+

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14
Q

stereochemistry

A

3D arrangement of molecules

double bonds cause fixed rotation

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15
Q

Chiral center

A

4 different sections off the center

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16
Q

Peptide bond

A

hydroxyl + amine forms amide and excess water
large chain of repeating structure
amide is acidic due to loosing H

17
Q

Fat Structure

A

Fatty acids linked to glycerol
Fatty acid - ester followed by long C chain (including double bonds at times)
Glycerol - 3-carbon unit connecting fatty acids
Try-glyceride - glycerol + 3 fatty acids

18
Q

Fat Properties

A 
Hydrophobic
Even though ester groups present at one side
Long carbon chains unable to H-bond
Repels water and other H-bonding substances
Reduced interaction with H20
Increases entropy as things push apart
So clumps together separate to water
Polar head
Nonpolar tail
19
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Thin polar membrane of 2 layers of molecules
Prevents unintentional diffusion
Choline - hydrophilic polar head to create bilayer, hydrophobic fatty acid points inwards
Cholesterol - inserts itself within the layer to maintain rigidity under changing temperatures

20
Q

Glycogen

A

The storage form of glucose
Organised in 8-12 rings bonded together due to insulin
Stored in muscle and liver cells - closest to where it is needed, high blood supply present due to the activity of areas allowing for quick transport to other areas as needed
Lots of H-bonds so Hydrophilic so attracts water - need much more water to store glycogen than fat
Glycogen:water 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
Less energy efficient in storing energy than fat, as a result, more energy-efficient in releasing energy than fat
Benefits - quickly converted into energy, stores 6-8h at a time
Limitations - takes a while to restore stocks, takes a while to make glycogen

21
Q

Polysaccharide molecules

A

Polysaccharide – carbohydrate made of multiple sugar molecules bonded
Features:
Store energy from food
Cell structure

22
Q

Fats as energy

A

Mammals - fat slow-release energy store, difficult as fat hydrophobic
Migrating birds - more fatty acid transport protein to cope with this to allow easier conversion of fat to energy

23
Q

Enzyme Proteins

A

The catalyst for biochemical reaction, substrates -> products
specific to given reaction

24
Q

Defensive Proteins

A

Antibodies, found in the immune system

25
Q

Storage Proteins

A

Store metal ions and amino acids, found in plant seeds, eggs, milk

26
Q

Structural Proteins

A

Fibrous proteins keep physical structure ie. Keratin in hair, nails etc.

27
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Move molecules across the plasma membrane (passive, active)

Specific protein for each molecule transported

28
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Receives chemical signals outside of the cell, cause cellular response ie. electrical
transmits instructions from outside cell into it

29
Q

Motor proteins

A

Motor - hydrolyse ATP to convert chemical energy into mechanical, move along cytoplasm of animal cells

30
Q

Contractile Proteins

A

Contractile - used in muscle contractions myofibrils (myosin and actin)

31
Q

Signalling Proteins

A

Signal endocrine system about hormone balance

regulates metabolism and cell function as a result

32
Q

Physical Structure

A

Primary – 2D wiggly line, determined by dna sequence
Secondary – 3D fold
Ɑ-helix – h-donation to below molecule, coiled structure
Β-strand – lateral h-donation, pleated snake structure
Tertiary – comprehensive 3D structure (over and under)
Hydrophobic Interactions – repel/attract
H-bonding – hold the structure in a given place
Ionic Bonding – opposite charged R groups come in close contact
Van der Wall or Covalent – stabilise
Quaternary – interaction between multiple chains (subunits)

33
Q

Similarity between structures

A

Proteins of similar sequence often fold in similar ways
Similar sequence means related strands of DNA
However, this does not necessarily mean they have a similar function
Similar structure:
Chicken Ovalbumin - egg white - main difference: V in code in place of R
Human Antithrombin - blood plasma - R in code in place of V
V = valine (C5H11NO2) - smaller, less H-bonding, molecules easier to separate
Donates and accepts
Hydrophobic
Charge:
R = arginine (C6H14N4O2) - larger, more H-bonding
Length width
Donates and accepts H+
Hydrophilic
Charge: positive

Biology 111 (5 decks)

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