Cell Transport

Question 1

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Answer 1

bulk transport of materials into the cell

balk transport of material outside the cell

Question 2

Metabolism of
proteins
fats
carbs
nucleic acids

Answer 2

breaking down and rebuilding nutrients
proteins => aa => proteins
fats => fatty acids => fats
carbs => glucose => carbs
nucleic acids => nucleotides => nucleic acids
animal form => intermediary subunits => human form
(=>1 = catabolism) (=>2 = anabolism)

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

“cut up”

breaking down nutrients

Question 4

Anabolism

Answer 4

“Apex”
building up
Uses ATP

Question 5

Enzymes

Answer 5

lower activation energy.

don’t change deltaG

Question 6

Competitive inhibitor Enzyme

Answer 6

must be similar shape to substrate
binds to active site, stops substrate from being able to bind and thus stops activity
the concentration of substrate affects its effectiveness

Question 7

Non-competitive Inhibitor Enzyme

Answer 7

form of allosteric interaction
blocks reaction by interacting with enzyme at different point.
substrate still able to enter active site but reaction cannot occur.
substrate concentration has no affect on effectiveness.

Question 8

Uncompetitive

Answer 8

form of allosteric interaction
2 substrates w same enzyme in 2 different active sites of same enzyme
1 active site affects the others ability to work
ie. enzyme can only do one job, whichever substrate gets to it first is the one it catalyses
substrate concentration affects effectiveness

Question 9

allosteric inhibior

Answer 9

second location on enzyme that affects active site

Question 10

Osmoregulation

Answer 10

hypertonic (shrivelled / plasmolysed)
isotomic (normal / flaccid)
Hypotonic (lysed or burst / turgid)
animal / plant

Question 11

Active transport

Answer 11

uses ATP, against concentration gradient
sodium/pottasium pump
- create conc. graident to passivley diffuse large glucose into cell
- 33% of cell energy
Na+ out of cell
K+ into cell

Question 12

Passive transport

Answer 12

No atp used
diffusion - random movement of molecules net high=>low
osmosis - h20 diffusion through semi permeable membrane
- equal free h20 molecules on each side = concentration
proteins used
- channel proteins - tunnel, a constant flow of molecules
- carrier proteins - fixed-rate, open, 1 molecule in, close, out, repeat
- aquaporins - channel proteins allow water across
- most lipids block polar molecules such as H20

Question 13

Cell Communication
Local
Long-distance

Answer 13

Local - direct contact or cell-cell communication
long-distance - signal transduction pathways
- reception, transduction, response
1. reception
- signal molecule (ligand) and receptor (plasma membrane protein) bind
- causes receptor shape change - very specific
2. transduction
- each step signal changes form/shape
- phosphorylation cascades (sometimes - all but G protein)
- each stage adds phosphate to next step to activate it
3. response
- regulated in many steps
- signal amplifies with each protein in phosphorylation pathway
- scaffolding proteins increase signal efficiency

Question 14

Apoptosis

Answer 14

Programmed cell death in orderly fashion

Question 15

Necrosis

Answer 15

Unplanned cell death through external factor ie. trauma (burn, cut…)

Question 16

Reception Proteins

Answer 16

G-protein copied receptors = ligand->G protein->protein…
Receptor tyrosine kinase - phosphate attached to tyrosine
- cancer causes issues here
ligand-gated ion channels - ligand binds, immediate flow through gate