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Chemistry > Chemistry module 2.4 > Flashcards

Chemistry module 2.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main pollutants released from a car engine?

A

Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Unburnt hydrocarbons

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2
Q

How is CO formed and where does it come from?

A

Formed from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

Traffic pollution

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3
Q

Why is CO harmful to the human body

A

Can bind to haemoglobin molecules reducing the amount of O2 supplies to tissues and organs
Heart and brain specifically affected and people with cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Disturbed vision
Fatigue
Reduced movement
Inability to form complex tasks

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5
Q

What are the two oxides of nitrogen and how are they caused?

A

NO2 and NO

  • during fuel burning in internal combustion engine air is drawn into cylinder and burns with O2 for energy
  • nitrogen from air oxidised to form to oxides
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6
Q

Why is NO2 harmful?

Why is NO harmful?

A
  • formation of low level ozone and acid rain

- respiratory irritants and low levels affect asthmatics

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7
Q

How are VOCs released and why are they bad

A
  • vehicle exhaust gases from unburnt fuels especially benzene and buta-1,3-diene
  • both are human carcinogens
  • react with NO2 to form low level ozone which causes breathing difficulties and increased susceptibility to infections
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8
Q

What is a catalytic converter made out of?

A

Platinum
Rhodium
Palladium on a honeycomb mesh

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9
Q

How does a catalytic converter work?

A

Hot exhaust gases pass over the catalytic surface and the harmful gases are converted into less harmful gases and released into the atmosphere

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10
Q

Define sustainability

A

The development of processes that prevent of the depletion of natural resources

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11
Q

WHAT BONDS ARE INFRARED RADIATION ABSORBED BY

A

C=O
O-H
C-H

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12
Q

WHERE DOES THE EARTH RECEIVE MOST OF ITS ENERGY

A

elctromagnetic radiation from the sun

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13
Q

WHERE DOES WATER VAPOR COME FROM

A

evaporation of lakes and oceans

the most abundant green house gas

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14
Q

WHERE DOES CO2 COME FROM

A

volcanic eruptions
animal respiration
burning or decay of organic matter

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15
Q

WHERE DOES METHANE COME FROM

A

cow by products
burning of hydrocarbons
rotting organic waste

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16
Q

WHAT ARE CLATHRATES

A

ice like structures beneath cold northern seas that hold methane bubbles which if released can have a huge impact on the greenhouse effect

17
Q

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN GASES ABSORB RADIATION

A

molecule vibrates
vibrating molecule emits some energy in the form of radiation
radiation absorbed by another GHG or the earths surface

18
Q

WHAT DOES THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT OF A GAS DEPEND UPON

A

its concentration in the atmosphere and its ability to absorb infrared radiation

19
Q

WHAT DOES THE ABSORPTION EMISSION PROCESS DO

A

keep heat close to the earths surface

20
Q

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

A

melting ice which means higher sea levels
more erratic weather
glacier disappearing in Europe
drought and disease

21
Q

WHAT DOES THE KYOTO PROTOCOL STATE

A

in 1997 that 100 countries are going to reduce their greenhouse emissions of 6 gases by 5% by 2012

22
Q

APART FROM THE KYOTO PROTOCOL WHAT IS A SOLUTION FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS

A

alternative energy such as wind, tidal, solar and nuclear power

23
Q

DESCRIBE CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

A
  • carbon captured and stored from power stations
  • stored underground in porous rock
  • decarbonised fuel makes CO2 and H2 and CO2 is then pumped to an oilfield near the ends of its life
  • CO2 helps extract the last 30% of oil
24
Q

HOW IS CO2 STORED AS CARBONATES

A

-Reacts with metal oxides e.g.
CaO + CO2 –> CaCO3
MgO + CO2 —> MgCO3

25
Q

WHAT IS THE TROPOSPHERE

A

the lower half of the earths atmosphere extending 7km above poles and 20 km above tropics

26
Q

WHAT IS THE STRATOSPHERE

A

top part of the earths atmosphere consisting of the ozone layer about 50 km above the earths surface

27
Q

WHAT IS BAD OZONE

A

ozone in the troposphere which is an air pollutants and harms animals respiratory systems

28
Q

WHAT DOES THE OZONE LAYER DO

A

absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of less than 320 nm by converting it into heat

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF UV RADIATION

A

UV-a; reaches the earths surface and it has less damaging than the shorter waves
UV-b; 5% reaches earths surface, it can cause genetic damage such as skin cancer
UV-c; 100% blocked out

30
Q

HOW IS OZONE FORMED

A
  • O2 molecules absorb UV radiation with a wavelength of less than 240 nm
  • causes 2 oxygen atoms
  • 2O’s reacts with O2 molecules to form heat and O3 which is ozone

Chemistry (6 decks)

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