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Chemistry > chemistry model 2.1 > Flashcards

chemistry model 2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can carbon form so many compounds?

A
  • Can form bond to the other carbon atoms to make chains and rings
  • Can form single, double, triple bonds to another carbon atom
  • Can bond with elements
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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Organic compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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3
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon single bonds only

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4
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon containing carbon to carbon multiple bonds

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5
Q

What is aliphatic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon of carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

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6
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon With carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

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7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Part of the organic molecule responsible for chemical reactions

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8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds consisting of the same functional group but with each successive member differing By CH2

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9
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

System of naming compounds

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11
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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13
Q

What are the three ways structural isomerism can occur?

A
  • Hydrocarbon chain can be branched or unbranched
  • Functional groups can be in different positions
  • Functional groups can be different
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14
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules of the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangement of atoms

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15
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds of the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of stereoisomerism?

A

E/Z isomerism

Cis-trans isomerism

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17
Q

What are the two ways a covalent bond can be broken?

A

Homolytic fission

Heterolytic fission

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18
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A
  • Each bonded atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons and each atom is now called a radical
  • 2 species of the same type are produced
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19
Q

What is heterloytic fission

A
  • One of the atoms takes both of the electrons and each atom becomes an ion
  • The one that takes the electrons is an anion and the one that gives the electrons is a cation
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20
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

The reaction where a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

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21
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction where an atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms

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22
Q

Explain how fractional distillation works?

A
  • Crude oil vaporised by heating and then passed into Column
  • Gas is passed through the column until it gets to a compartment with a lower Temperature than the boiling point
  • Condenses and then turns into liquid where tapped off into storage containers
23
Q

How is the boiling points of alkanes affected by chain-length?

A

Short chain hydrocarbons have a lower boiling point and condense near the top of the column whereas long chain hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point and condense near the bottom of the column

24
Q

Define fractional distillation?

A

Separation of the components in a liquid mixture into

fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation, using a fractionating column

25
Q

How does branching affect boiling point about alkanes?

A

-More branching means fewer points of contact which means less Vanderwall forces which means lower temperature is needed to break the Vanderwall forces, also molecules cannot get close to each other as Unbranched ones decreasing inter molecular forces between the molecules

26
Q

What does complete combustion born?

What does incomplete combustion form?

A

CO2 + H2O

CO + H2O

27
Q

How can branched alkanes be produced?

How can cyclic hydrocarbons be produced?

A

Isomerisation

Reforming

28
Q

What is elimination reaction?

A

One reactant reacts to form 2 products

A molecule is removed from a saturated to make an unsaturated molecule

29
Q

Why are short chain alkanes valuable as clean fuels?

A

They burn in a plentiful supply of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

30
Q

Define cracking?

A

The breaking down of long chain saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of short chain alkanes alkenes

31
Q

Why are short chain hydrocarbons in high demand?

A
  • for use as fuels

- to use in polymer production

32
Q

What is the hydrogen that is produced During reforming used for?

A

Making margarine

The production of ammonia

33
Q

Name some examples of petrochemicals?

A

Ink, dye, fuel, plastics, pharmeucuticals

34
Q

What harmful byproducts does the burning of hydrocarbons produce?

A

Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide

35
Q

Name two examples of agricultural crop specifically grown for energy use ?

A

Sugar cane in brazil

Rape in english countryside

36
Q

Why is ethanol a good example of a biofuel?

A

Burns efficiently in oxygen to produce CO2 and water
Can be mixed with petroleum for efficient fuel burning
Can be used in car engines without major modifications

37
Q

Define radical substitution?

A

Substation reaction where a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms

38
Q

Define mechanism?

A

Sequence of steps showing the paths taken by electrons in a reaction

39
Q

Define initiation?

A

The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by UV radiation

40
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of a radical substitution reaction?

A

Covalent bond is broken by homolytic fission to form 2 radicals

41
Q

What happens in propogation?

A

Free radical reacts with alkane to make a alkyl and a by product
Alkyl then reacts with a complete new molecule E.G.
CH4 + Cl• ➡ •CH3 + HCl
•CH3 + Cl2 ➡ CH3Cl + •Cl

42
Q

What happens in termination

A

Two radicals combine to form a molecule E.G
•Cl + •Cl ➡ Cl2
•CH3 + •CH3 ➡ C2H6

43
Q

What protect the body from free radicals?

A

Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E

44
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron deficient centre where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

45
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to the electron rich centre where it excepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

46
Q

How are polymers used as a fuel source?

A

Burned to produce heat energy which can be harnessed for electricity

47
Q

What is synthesis gas and what can it be used for?

A

Mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide

Can be used as a chemical feedstock for conversion into fuel or other useful products

48
Q

Why would it be helpful to be able to convert common household plastics into organic materials

A

Better than them being disposed of in landfill sites

49
Q

Why is polu vinyl chloride problematic

A

High chlorine content and is uneconomical as recycling is more expensive than the crude oil itself

50
Q

Why is incineration of PVC not useful

A
  • Burns to form toxic fumes into the environment and corrodes the plant itself
  • High temps associated with acidic hydrogen chloride fumes
51
Q

What do bioplastics degrade into

A

water and carbon dioxide, inorganic compounds and biomass

52
Q

Name some biodegradable things

A

bags made from biodegradable material such as plant starch
disposable tableware made from sugar cane fibre
poly(lactic acid) in cold drink cups

53
Q

What happens when an alkene reacts in terms of pi-bonds and sigma bonds

A
  • a small molecule is added across the double bond to break the pi bond
  • the pi bond breaks and the sigma bond remains intact
54
Q

What are the conditions of water added to an alkene

A

it is present as steam

done under an acid catalyst

Chemistry (6 decks)

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