Chemistry Intro Flashcards
What is matter composed of? What are the three particles that make up atoms?
Matter is composed of Atoms.
Protons (p1+) ,Neutrons (n0) , and Electrons (e1-).
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons, and their properties. (Positive charge, Negative charge or nuteral charge.)
Protons: TVE (Positive), found inside the nucleus
Neutrons: Nuteral, found inside the nucleus
Electrons: -ve (Negative), found orbiting then nucleus.
The Atomic number is the number of?
e-1(Electrons) and (+) p1+ (Protons)
The number of neutrons equals?
The atomic mass minus the atomic number
When bonding, Atoms will ____ or ____
electrons in order to fill their ____ shell and form stable compounds.
When Bonding, Atoms will GAIN or LOOSE electrons on order to fill their VALANCE shell and form stable compounds.
When atoms gain or loose electrons, they are ____ and are now called ____.
When atoms gain or loose electrons they are CHARGED and are now called IONS
What is a Cation?
Positively charged, because they lost an electron(s).
What is an Anion?
Negativity charged, because they gained an electron(s).
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest particle of an element.
What is a molecule?
A molecule is made up of two or more atoms, chemically bonded together.
When using model kits to build molecules…
Black =
Blue =
Red =
White =
White Tubes =
Black = Carbon
Blue = Nitrogen
Red = Oxygen
White = Hydrogen
White Tubes = Chemical Bonds
Name the three Functional Groups and their formulas
Hydroxyl (OH)
Carboxyl (COOH)
Amino (NH2)
Draw the structural Fomulas for the three functional groups, Include names and formulas.
In each of the Functional groups there is a vacant bond, what is the significance of it?
Vacant bonds allow other molecules to attach.
What are Functional Groups? How many? involved in?
There are three major functional groups that are involved in chemical reactions in biological organic compounds.
Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino
What are Hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are a group of compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.
They are the simplest carbon compounds to study.
Methane, Ethane, Propane
Name the three common Hydrocarbons and their chemical formulas
Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Draw the structural Fomulas for the three Hydrocarbons, Include names and formulas.
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules and the bonds between them are ___.
The bonds are also very hard to break and require a lot of ____ to do so.
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules and the bonds between them are NON-POLAR.
The bonds are also very hard to break and require a lot of ENERGY to do so.
What happens to a hydrocarbon when you add a hydroxyl group? this can change what?
It can (not always) become polar.
This can change physical and chemical properties
What does it mean for a molecule to be polar / non-polar?
Nonpolar molecules are semeterical and polar molecules are asymmetrical
What does Catabolism produce?
Catabolism produces energy and smaller molecules (Big molecule splits into atoms and energy)
What does Anabolism use?
Anabolism uses energy to make larger molecules (Atoms and energy being used to create Molecule)
What else are condensation reactions called?
Dehydration (Produces water) Synthesis (joining molecules together)
Produces water by joining molecules together.
What are Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis) and Hydrolysis, Example?
Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis): Produces water by joining molecules together.
Hydrolysis (Hydro - (uses water) Lysis - (Breaking Molecules apart): Using water to break molecules apart.
What are Oxidation-Reduction Reactions? (Redox reactions)
These reactions occur when electrons are transferred from one substance to another
What can help remember Redox Reactions (
Explain what is meant by the term polymer.
The term Polymer refers to a large molecule composed of many repeating units of smaller molecules. Poly means many, hence the name POLY-mer.
Why are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins called macromolecules?
First, what is a macromolecule? They are large, complex molecules made from many smaller molecules (polymers) which are made from many smaller molecules (monomers, which are the smallest repeating unit of a polymer).
What do our bodies use carbohydrates for?
Our bodies break down carbohydrates in order to create glucose, main molecule used to create energy.
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
How many calories per gram does each of the macromolecules provide your body with?
Carbohydrates 4 calories per gram, Proteins provide 4 calories per gram, and lipids provide 9 calories per gram.
what is cellular respiration?
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
”Hitting the wall” is a term marathon runners use to describe their body’s reaction once their liver and muscle cells have run out of glycogen. What strategies could a marathon runner utilize to prevent this from happening?
Slowing down pace for ten minutes to allow fatty acids to sufficiently produce ATP in response to the demand, eating foods or drinks containing carbohydrates is also a remedy for milder instances.
Use three important biological functions of lipids to explain why it is not a good idea to be on a no fat or extremely low fat diet.
ipids are our bodies main long-term energy storage, Without enough fat in your diet your body will struggle to maintain efficient energy leading to fatigue and weakness.
Lipids can be found within the phospholipid bilayer, which controls what moves in and out of the cell, without enough carbohydrates the membrane becomes less stable affecting overall health.
Gluconeogenesis is where the liver converts amino acids (from proteins) into glucose to fuel the body. And happens, If your body runs out of stored fats for energy it will begin breaking down proteins for energy needed to run your organs and keep you alive.
Proteins have essential functions of making enzymes, hormones, and repairing tissues. This usage of proteins for energy will cause muscle loss, nutrient imbalances and unnecessary strains to the liver and kidneys.
Explain why fats are well suited to be the long-term energy storage molecules in plants and animals.
First of all Fats are calorie dense, with more than double the amount of calories per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins, making them a way more efficient way to store fule for extended periods of time.
Fats are also hydrophobic, so storing them in a compact form allows the organism to carry large energy reserves without extra weight. In animals, fats provide energy, insulation, and organ protection.
In plants, especially seeds, fats are stored as oils to fuel early growth until photosynthesis begins.
What is cholesterol and why is it important to have in your diet? Why is it harmful to have too much in your diet?
Cholesterol is a type of lipid commonly found in animal based foods (salami ect) and is also produced in the liver. Cholesterol helps maintain the fluidity and stability of cell membranes. It is used in hormone production for estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol. And is also essential for bile and vitamin c production.
Having too much cholesterol in your diet is harmful because it can build up in artery walls, leading to plaques that narrow blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Plaque buildup can make arteries less flexible, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood, and increasing your likelihood of getting blood clots.
What molecule is the monomer molecule that makes up proteins?
Amino acid Molecules
Explain the importance of proteins to cell structure and cell functions.
For cell structure, proteins embedded in the cell membrane help maintain structure and allow for transport, signalling, and cell recognition, Proteins like collagen and keratin provide strength and elasticity to tissues, Proteins like actin and tubulin form the cytoskeleton, providing shape, strength, and support to the cell.
So in the cell proteins provide structure, shape and strength and support.
For cell functions, Proteins act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions essential for metabolism, DNA replication, and digestion.
Proteins like hemoglobin transport oxygen, while membrane proteins regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
Hormones and receptors (like insulin and neurotransmitter receptors) are proteins that help cells communicate and respond to signals.
Antibodies are proteins that help the immune system recognize and fight infections.
Describe the four levels of protein structure and give an example of a protein in quaternary structure and describe its function.
Primary Structure – This is the order of amino acids in a protein chain, linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary Structure – The folds in the protein chain that form patterns, like alpha helices (spirals) or beta sheets(folds).
Tertiary Structure – The overall 3D shape of a single protein, made by interactions between the side chains of amino acids. This shape is crucial for the protein’s function.
Quaternary Structure – When multiple protein chains come together to form one functional protein.
Give three examples of important nucleotides and describe their functions.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Function: ATP is the main energy carrier in cells. It stores and transfers energy for various processes, like muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and cell division.
Example: During cellular respiration, ATP is produced and used by cells for energy.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)
Function: NAD+ is involved in redox reactions, helping with energy production by transferring electrons in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It also plays a role in DNA repair.
Example: NAD+ helps produce ATP during cellular respiration by accepting electrons and passing them to the electron transport chain.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Function: cAMP is a secondary messenger that helps transmit signals inside the cell. It plays a key role in regulating processes like metabolism, cell growth, and gene expression by activating protein kinases.
Example: cAMP is involved in the action of hormones like adrenaline, helping cells respond to signals from the environment.
