Chemistry in medicine Flashcards
What causes ingestion?
Excess HCl in the stomach
What are ingestion remedies
Metal carbonates, hydroxides or hydrogen carbonates which neutralise stomach acid
Give the reaction of Mg(OH)2, CaCO3 and NaHCO3 with HCl
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
What is the protective layer on the skin called ?
The acid mantle - Water and long chain carboxylic acids as well as lactic acids and amino acids. skin pH 4/5
What is the blood
Alkaline
What is the skins cleaning mechanism
Desquamation - mechanism by skin cells are shed
What can affect your skins natural pH
Age, stress, dust, pollutants
What are most soaps
Most soaps are alkaline in order to remove the acid mantle, some are slightly acidic as to not disrupt the acid mantle
What causes warts
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
What dues the HPV virus cause?
Causes extra keratin to be produced on the top layer of the skin
What does silver have and what against
Silver (Ag+) has antibacterial properties especially between E.coli and S.aureus
What are the benefits of silver nitrate?
Relatively inexpensive and soluble, it was used in the treatment of conjunctivitis.
What is more commonly used now than silver nitrate?
Erythromycin and tetracycline
Draw the structure of cisplatin and transplatin
on page
What is the reaction of cisplatin with water?
It reacts with water and one of the chloro ligands gets replaced by a water ligand
Drawing on page
How does [Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+ act as an anticancer drug?
Two ways :
1. A nitrogen atom in guanine bonds to Pt displacing the water ligands
2. A hydrogen atom in one of the ammonia ligands of cisplatin H-bonds to a nitrogen or oxygen in guanine
If cisplatin is attached, guanine cant be copied and the cell dies
How is aspirin manufactured?
Manufactured between the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic acid) acid and ethanoic anhydride
Draw the reaction for the production of aspirin
on page
Why is ethanoic anhydride used over ethanoyl chloride
- Ethanoic anhydride is less corrosive
- Does not undergo hydrolysis as readily
- Less hazardous, it undergoes a more controlled reaction
- Cheaper and does not produce corrosive HCl fumes
How is the sodium salt of aspirin made?
Formed when aspirin reacts with either sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate
Draw the reactions for both and give the equation for both reactions
Drawing on page
With NaOH:
CH3COOC6H4COOH + NaOH → CH3COOC6H4COONa + H2O
With Na2CO3:
2 CH3COOC6H4COOH + Na2CO3 → 2 CH2COOC6H4COONa + CO2 + H2O
How would you titrate a solution of aspirin?
A solution of aspirin can be titrated with NaOH with phenolphthalein as the indicator
What can happen when Sodium hydroxide is addd to aspirin?
The ester group can be hydrolysed as well as acid group
what are the conditions
Warmed with an excess of NaOH
What do you need to remember about the equation
1 mol of aspirin will react with 2 mols of NaOH. The excess NaOH can be back titrated with HCl
What is haem?
Haem is a complex of Iron (II) ion surrounded by a polyphyrin ring
How many pairs of electrons can iron accept?
6 pairs of electrons from ligands
What is the polyphyrin ring?
A multidentate ligand
How much space does iron have left for ligands?
2 more coordinate bonds can form one above and one below. This is because 4 of the bonds are already taken up by nitrogen atoms
What changes occur when oxygen binds and what is the complex called?
Conformational changes occur allowing it to bind at certain sites and the complex is called oxyhaemoglobin
What binds more easily
Carbon monoxide binds more easily and make it more difficult for oxygen to binds which results in death
What can edta4- form a complex with?
Ca2+ ions
Show the formation of the complex of edta4- and Ca2+
Ca2+ + edta4- → [Ca(edta)]2-
Why are calcium ions important?
Calcium ions are important in the clotting of blood. When edta4- removes calcium ions by sequestering them they are no longer available for the clotting of blood.
Who would use edta4- to prevent the clotting of blood?
Blood banks
