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Chemistry Module 2 > Chemistry in medicine > Flashcards

Chemistry in medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes ingestion?

A

Excess HCl in the stomach

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2
Q

What are ingestion remedies

A

Metal carbonates, hydroxides or hydrogen carbonates which neutralise stomach acid

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3
Q

Give the reaction of Mg(OH)2, CaCO3 and NaHCO3 with HCl

A

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

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4
Q

What is the protective layer on the skin called ?

A

The acid mantle - Water and long chain carboxylic acids as well as lactic acids and amino acids. skin pH 4/5

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5
Q

What is the blood

A

Alkaline

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6
Q

What is the skins cleaning mechanism

A

Desquamation - mechanism by skin cells are shed

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7
Q

What can affect your skins natural pH

A

Age, stress, dust, pollutants

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8
Q

What are most soaps

A

Most soaps are alkaline in order to remove the acid mantle, some are slightly acidic as to not disrupt the acid mantle

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9
Q

What causes warts

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

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10
Q

What dues the HPV virus cause?

A

Causes extra keratin to be produced on the top layer of the skin

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11
Q

What does silver have and what against

A

Silver (Ag+) has antibacterial properties especially between E.coli and S.aureus

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12
Q

What are the benefits of silver nitrate?

A

Relatively inexpensive and soluble, it was used in the treatment of conjunctivitis.

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13
Q

What is more commonly used now than silver nitrate?

A

Erythromycin and tetracycline

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14
Q

Draw the structure of cisplatin and transplatin

A

on page

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15
Q

What is the reaction of cisplatin with water?

A

It reacts with water and one of the chloro ligands gets replaced by a water ligand
Drawing on page

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16
Q

How does [Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+ act as an anticancer drug?

A

Two ways :
1. A nitrogen atom in guanine bonds to Pt displacing the water ligands
2. A hydrogen atom in one of the ammonia ligands of cisplatin H-bonds to a nitrogen or oxygen in guanine
If cisplatin is attached, guanine cant be copied and the cell dies

17
Q

How is aspirin manufactured?

A

Manufactured between the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic acid) acid and ethanoic anhydride

18
Q

Draw the reaction for the production of aspirin

A

on page

19
Q

Why is ethanoic anhydride used over ethanoyl chloride

A
  1. Ethanoic anhydride is less corrosive
  2. Does not undergo hydrolysis as readily
  3. Less hazardous, it undergoes a more controlled reaction
  4. Cheaper and does not produce corrosive HCl fumes
20
Q

How is the sodium salt of aspirin made?

A

Formed when aspirin reacts with either sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate

21
Q

Draw the reactions for both and give the equation for both reactions

A

Drawing on page

With NaOH:
CH3COOC6H4COOH + NaOH → CH3COOC6H4COONa + H2O

With Na2CO3:
2 CH3COOC6H4COOH + Na2CO3 → 2 CH2COOC6H4COONa + CO2 + H2O

22
Q

How would you titrate a solution of aspirin?

A

A solution of aspirin can be titrated with NaOH with phenolphthalein as the indicator

23
Q

What can happen when Sodium hydroxide is addd to aspirin?

A

The ester group can be hydrolysed as well as acid group

24
Q

what are the conditions

A

Warmed with an excess of NaOH

25
Q

What do you need to remember about the equation

A

1 mol of aspirin will react with 2 mols of NaOH. The excess NaOH can be back titrated with HCl

26
Q

What is haem?

A

Haem is a complex of Iron (II) ion surrounded by a polyphyrin ring

27
Q

How many pairs of electrons can iron accept?

A

6 pairs of electrons from ligands

28
Q

What is the polyphyrin ring?

A

A multidentate ligand

29
Q

How much space does iron have left for ligands?

A

2 more coordinate bonds can form one above and one below. This is because 4 of the bonds are already taken up by nitrogen atoms

30
Q

What changes occur when oxygen binds and what is the complex called?

A

Conformational changes occur allowing it to bind at certain sites and the complex is called oxyhaemoglobin

31
Q

What binds more easily

A

Carbon monoxide binds more easily and make it more difficult for oxygen to binds which results in death

32
Q

What can edta4- form a complex with?

A

Ca2+ ions

33
Q

Show the formation of the complex of edta4- and Ca2+

A

Ca2+ + edta4- → [Ca(edta)]2-

34
Q

Why are calcium ions important?

A

Calcium ions are important in the clotting of blood. When edta4- removes calcium ions by sequestering them they are no longer available for the clotting of blood.

35
Q

Who would use edta4- to prevent the clotting of blood?

A

Blood banks

Chemistry Module 2 (13 decks)

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