Chemistry Honors 126: General Review

Question 1

condition in which a solution contains the maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved

Answer 1

saturation

Question 2

part of an experiment that is conducted without the same variables or conditions being tested

Answer 2

control

Question 3

physical state in whic solvation and crystallization occur at the same rate

Answer 3

solution equilibrium

Question 4

combination of a base metal and at least one other substance, which blend to form a solution with metallic properties

Answer 4

alloy

Question 5

substance dissolved in a solution

Answer 5

solute

Question 6

general term for the process of dissolving

Answer 6

solvation

Question 7

process of dissolving a solute in water

Answer 7

hydration

Question 8

formation of ions when a molecular compound dissolves

Answer 8

ionization

Question 9

dissolving medium of a solution

Answer 9

solvent

Question 10

solution formed with liquid mercury blended with another metal or metals

Answer 10

amalgam

Question 11

formation of ions when an ionic compound dissolves

Answer 11

dissociation

Question 12

A ___ is a homogeneous combination with a ___ consistency, but whose compoents do not chemically combine in ___.

Answer 12

solution; uniform; definite proportions

Question 13

A solution consists of two or more components in a single ___.

Answer 13

phase

Question 14

The components of a solution include a ___ dissolved in a ___.

Answer 14

solute; solvent

Question 15

The ___ of solution is determined by the phase of the solvent; the ___ of solution is determined by the phase of the solute.

Answer 15

type; form

Question 16

An alloy is a combination of a ___ and at least one other substance, which blend to form a solution with ___ properties.

Answer 16

base metal; metallic

Question 17

An amalgam is a solution of liquid ___ blended with another metal or metals.

Answer 17

mercury

Question 18

Steel is an alloy of ___ blended with carbons.

Answer 18

iron

Question 19

The condition when a solution contains the maximum amount of solute is called ___.

Answer 19

saturation

Question 20

___ is achieved when solvation and crystallization occur at the same rate.

Answer 20

Equilibrium

Question 21

The formation of ions when a molecular compound dissolves is called ___.

Answer 21

ionization

Question 22

The formatio of ions when an ionic compiund dissolves is called ___.

Answer 22

dissociation

Question 23

When two opposing forces occur at the same rate, the physical state of ___ is established.

Answer 23

equilbrium

Question 24

The factor that does not affect solution rate is ___.

Answer 24

increased concentration

Question 25

Reactants in the same phase usually do not react unless ___ is applied or a catalyst is added.

Answer 25

energy

Question 26

Some chemical reactions occur only if the reactants are in ___ solution (dissolved in water).

Answer 26

aqueous

Question 27

A reaction that begins as soon as the reactans come into contact with each other is a ___ reaction.

Answer 27

spontaneous

Question 28

A chemical substance called a ___ may be added to start some chemical reactions.

Answer 28

catalyst

Question 29

A solute molecule surrounded by water molecules is said to be ___ (general term).

Answer 29

solvated

Question 30

A solute molecule surrouned by water molecules is said to be \_\_\_.

Answer 30

hydrated

Question 31

Sugar is soluble in water because both sugar and water molecules are \_\_\_.

Answer 31

polar

Question 32

Water molecules move by \_\_\_, which is not very fast.

Answer 32

diffusion

Question 33

Sugar and water form a ___ solution.

Answer 33

solid-liquid

Question 34

Stainless steel is a common \_\_\_.

Answer 34

alloy

Question 35

measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent

Answer 35

solubility

Question 36

amount of heat absorbed or released when a solute dissolves in a specific amount of solvent

Answer 36

heat of solution

Question 37

measurement of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent

Answer 37

concentration

Question 38

solution that contains more solute than a normal saturated solution under the same conditions

Answer 38

supersaturated solution

Question 39

indication of the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Answer 39

molarity

Question 40

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas on the surface of the liquid

Answer 40

Henry's law

Question 41

if any of the factors determining system equilibrium are changed, the system will adjust itself to counteract that change and reestablish equilbrium

Answer 41

Le Châtelier's principle

Question 42

indication of the number of moles of solute of solute per kilogram of solvent

Answer 42

molality

Question 43

expression of concentration in terms of normals or equivalents per liter of solution

Answer 43

normality

Question 44

two substances in the same phase that are not soluble in each other

Answer 44

immiscible

Question 45

ratio of the number of moles of solution component to the number of moles of the total solution

Answer 45

mole fraction

Question 46

two substances in the same phase that are highly soluble in each other

Answer 46

miscible

Question 47

\_\_\_ is a measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent.

Answer 47

Solubility

Question 48

\_\_\_ depends on the identity of he solution components and the existing conditions of ___ and \_\_\_.

Answer 48

Solubility; pressure; temperature

Question 49

The expression considered to be the cardinal rule for determining solubility is "\_\_\_."

Answer 49

like dissolves like

Question 50

The rapid escape of gas from a liquid solution is called \_\_\_.

Answer 50

effervescence

Question 51

A ___ solution is one that contains more solute than a normal saturated solution under the same conditions.

Answer 51

supersaturated

Question 52

Heat of solution is the total heat of three different energy changes caused by three different types of interactions: ___ interactions, ___ interactions, and ___ interactions.

Answer 52

solute-solute; solvent-solvent; solute-solvent

Question 53

\_\_\_ is measured in kilojoules per mole of solute dissolved in a specified amount of solvent.

Answer 53

Heat of solution

Question 54

To find the mass of a solute when a chemical reaction takes place in a solution, a chemist must first determine the ___ of the solution.

Answer 54

molarity

Question 55

Concentration in terms of ___ is measured in units called \_\_\_, each of which is equal to one mole of solute per liter of solution.

Answer 55

molarity; molars

Question 56

any substance which, when dissolved by water, produces a solution that conducts an electric current

Answer 56

electrolyte

Question 57

substance that holds a specific number of water molecules in its formula unit

Answer 57

hydrate

Question 58

vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent

Answer 58

Raoult's law

Question 59

thin material that permits only certain materials to pass through it

Answer 59

semipermeable membrane

Question 60

increase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by a solute

Answer 60

▵T_b

Question 61

pressure exerted by vapor molecules of a system in equilibrium

Answer 61

equilibrium vapor pressure

Question 62

a hydrogen ion bonded with a water molecule

Answer 62

hydronium

Question 63

transfer of solvent molecules into a solution through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 63

osmosis

Question 64

properties that depend on the concentration of the solute in a solution both before and after the chemical

Answer 64

colligative

Question 65

ions that do not take part in the chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the chemical reaction

Answer 65

spectator ions

Question 66

boiling-point constant of solvent in a 1.00-*m* solution of a nonvolatile, molecula solute

Answer 66

K_b

Question 67

decrease in the freezing point of a solvent caused by a solvent

Answer 67

▵T_f

Question 68

Vapor-pressure reduction, \_\_\_, and boiling-point elevation are all ___ porperties of a solution.

Answer 68

freezing-point depression; colligative

Question 69

When the ___ rate equals the evaporation rate, ___ of a solution is achieved.

Answer 69

condensation; equilibrium

Question 70

If a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in water, its ___ is reduced below its normal value for that articular temperature.

Answer 70

vapor pressure

Question 71

\_\_\_ and ___ are two colligative properties caused by vapor-pressure reduction.

Answer 71

Freezing-point depression; boiling-point elevation

Question 72

\_\_\_, which states that ___ of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent, mayb be used to determine the vapor pressure of a solution and the molar mass of the solute.

Answer 72

Raoult's law; vapor pressure

Question 74

The melting/freezing point for a substance is the point at which the ___ is the same for both a solid and a liquid.

Answer 74

equilibrium vapor pressure

Question 75

The decrease in the freezing point of a solvent caused by a solute is called the \_\_\_, which is directly proportional to the ___ of the solution.

Answer 75

freezing-point depression; boiling-point elevation

Question 76

The value representing the number of degrees that the freezing point is depressed for every mole of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent is called the \_\_\_.

Answer 76

molal freezing-point constant

Question 77

When vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure on a liquid, ___ begins.

Answer 77

boiling

Question 78

The increase in boiling point of a solvent caused by a solute is cllaed the \_\_\_.

Answer 78

boiling-point elevation

Question 79

The transfer of solvent molecules through a ___ is called osmosis.

Answer 79

semipermeable membrane

Question 80

A substance that holds a specific number of water molecules in its formula unit is called a \_\_\_.

Answer 80

hydrate

Question 81

When an ionic compound, such as NaCl, dissolves in water, its formula units ___ into ions.

Answer 81

dissociate

Question 82

Ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction are called \_\_\_.

Answer 82

spectator ions

Question 83

A ___ is an equation that shows only the ions involved in a chemical reaction.

Answer 83

net ionic equation

Question 84

\_\_\_ are substances that conduct electricty when they are in aqueous solution.

Answer 84

Electrolytes

Question 85

When a molecular electrolyte, such as HCl, dissolves in water, its molecules ___ and form hydrogen ions.

Answer 85

ionize

Question 86

Hydrogen ions bond with water molecules to form ___ ions.

Answer 86

hydronium