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Chemistry final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three steps to refining:

A

Separation, Conversion Treating, Blending

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2
Q

What happens in Desalting

A

Contaminated salt is removed from oil

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3
Q

What happens if you don’t desalt

A

Corrosion

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4
Q

What is fractional distillation

A

Crude mixture is heated > Vapours rise > Condensed back to liquid

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5
Q

Where in a tower is it the coolest

A

The top

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6
Q

What is in the tower

A

Trays that allow for redistillation

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7
Q

What are fractions

A

Portions removed from tower at levels called side-draws. (Oil is called straight-run product)

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8
Q

What do bubble caps do

A

Force vapor through liquid by heating it.

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9
Q

Cracking

A

Feed is crude oil, purpose is to break down larger hydrocarbons (size alteration)

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10
Q

Alkylation

A

Feed is isobutane and propene or butene (small olefin), purpose is High octane rating fuels

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11
Q

Reforming

A

Feed is heated naphta, purpose is boosting octane rating

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12
Q

Isomerization

A

Feed is straight chain alkanes, purpose is to boost octane ratings.

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13
Q

What is hydrodesulfurization

A

Removing sulfur to produce gases with a better odor.

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14
Q

What about the structure of zeolites make them advantageous

A

They are porous and have a high surface area

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15
Q

What is isooctane

A

2,2,4 -trimethyl pentane (Octane rating 100)

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16
Q

What is isobutane

A

Methyl propane (Reactant in alkylation)

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17
Q

What is ethylene

A

Ethene (Plastic Polymers)

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18
Q

What is butadiene

A

1-3 butadiene (Rubber polymers)

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19
Q

What are the benefits of zeolites compared to others

A

More active than other catalysts, very durable, very affordable.

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20
Q

Stirred reactors:

A

Liquid reactants, used in alkylation

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21
Q

Fixed bed reactor

A

Used in sweetening, hydrocracking, reforming

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22
Q

Fluidized bed reactor

A

Used in catalytic cracking

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23
Q

Tubular reactor

A

Used in isomerization and polymerization

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24
Q

What are the two different types of polymerization

A

Addition and condensation

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25
How does free radical polymerization work
Bond is broken(Initiation) , they multiply (propagation), Bond is added back in (termination)
26
How does condensation polymerization work
Functional groups are added on each side of molecule
27
HDPE
High density polyethylene. Produced with low pressure and is rigid and opaque.
28
LDPE
Low density polyethylene. Produced with high pressure, is transparent and weak.
29
Name 3 main emulsion reactions
SBR - (Styrene + Butadiene) Nitrile Rubber (Acrylonitrile + butadiene) Butyl Rubber - Isobutylene + isoprene
30
List the 5 important monomers in emulsion polymerization
Styrene, Acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, isoprene.
31
When was rubber most used in the past
WWI
32
What are the three stages of manufacturing rubber
Emulsion polymerization (emulsified), coagulation(heated), compounding (ingredients are added)
33
What is vulcanization
Heating rubber with sulfur.
34
What is the largest produced rubber in the world.
Styrene-butadiene
35
What is used in the plants to prevent corrosion
Cathodic protection (Magnesium is more likely to be oxidized)
36
What is metallurgy
Process of separating a metal from its ore and preparing it for use.
37
What minerals is iron found as:
Iron pyrite, Siderite, Hematite, Magnetite, taconite
38
What is iron used to make
Steel
39
What is the most widely used metallic element
Iron
40
What happens in the oxidation reaction for iron
Carbon monoxide reduces iron ions (Blast furnace)
41
What is slag
Molten calcium silicate and alumina (product of CaO and SiO2)
42
What is pig iron
Impure high carbon iron > connected from furnace > turned to steel
43
What are the two classifications of steel
Carbon steel (1.5% carbon) and alloy steel (contains C, Cr, Co, Mn, and Mo)
44
What is the most abundant metal on earth
Aluminum (from Bauxite)
45
How is aluminum produced
The Hall-Herout process: Impurities removes using NaOH > Al and H2O dissolved in cryolite > Al gains 3 ions with electrical energy > molten aluminum settles to bottom
46
How is ammonia produced
Haber process: N2 and H2 are heated > NH3 liquefies and is removed > Continuous reaction
47
What is electrolysis
Forcing a current trough a cell to produce a chemical change
48
Where does electrolysis of water fit into the major hydrogen production methods
It is very good for the environment as it has zero carbon emissions and hydrogen is abundant.
49
What is the importance of the Habers process
Maximizes output given > Rely on LeChatelier’s principle
50
Explain nuclear stability
Isotopes have nuclei that are unstable as they have lonesome electrons on the outer shell and are looking to either gain some or give them up.
51
What are the 3 types of radioactive decay
Beta decay, Gamma decay, and Alpha decay
52
What is alpha decay
Molecule turns into alpha molecule and alpha particle (remember math)
53
What is fusion
Combining two light nuclei to form heavy nucleus
54
What is fission
Splitting heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei
55
What is occurs in nuclear reactions
Electrical energy is produced from heat energy
56
What are the possible outcomes of nuclear chain reactions
Subcritical(Less than 1 neutron causes another fission), Critical(1 Neutron from each), Supercritical(More than 1 neutron)
57
Explain a nuclear reactor
Fuel channels within calandria (vessel) filled with D2O (moderator)> High pressure coolant removes heat from fuel > Coolant passes through steam generator and heat produces steam from water
58
What is the role of control rods
Regulate power level of reactor, Absorbs neutron, Stop reaction when fully inserted, made of cadmium indium or boron 10(most common).
59
What is the role of D20 moderator
Slows down neutrons and enables uranium fuel to capture neutrons efficiently
60
What are the advantages of CANDU reactor
High neutron economy due to its use of heavy water as moderator and coolant
61
What are small modular reactors and what are their advantages
A small nuclear fission reactor which take less time to build and can be moved. These do not need transmission lines to be transported, require little maintenance and are safer in how they automatically shut down.

Chemistry (3 decks)

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