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Physics > Chemistry Definitions > Flashcards

Chemistry Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Mole

A

The amount of substances which contain Avogadro’s number of particles

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2
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass in grams of one mole of that substance

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3
Q

Molar volume

A

The volume occupied by 1 mole of gas at STP. 1 mole of gas occupied 22,4dm3 at 0°C (273k) and 1 atmosphere (101,3kPa)

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4
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of solute and solvent

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5
Q

Solute

A

The substance that is dissolved in the solution

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6
Q

Solvent

A

The substance in which another substance is dissolved forming a solution

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7
Q

Yield

A

A measure of the extent of a reaction, generally measured by comparing the amount of product against the amount of product possible

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8
Q

Intramolecular bond

A

A bond between atoms within molecules

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9
Q

Covalent bond

A

A sharing of at least one pair of electrons by two non metal atoms

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10
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

An equal sharing of electrons

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11
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons leading to a dipole forming (as a result of electronegativity difference)

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12
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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13
Q

Ionic bond

A

A transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction

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14
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Being between a positive kernel and a sea of delocalised electrons

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15
Q

Intermolecular force

A

A force between molecules, ions, or atoms of noble gases

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16
Q

Heat of a reaction

A

The net change of chemical potential energy into thermal energy

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17
Q

Endothermic reactions

A

Reactions which transform thermal energy Into chemical potential energy 

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18
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required to form the activated complex

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19
Q

Activated complex

A

A high energy, unstable, temporary transition state between the reactants and the products

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20
Q

Reaction rate

A

The change in concentration per unit time of either a reactant or product

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21
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of the reaction but remains and changed at the end of the reaction 

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22
Q

Affective (successful) collision

A

A collision in which the colliding reactant particles have the correct orientation and the sufficient energy (kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy)

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23
Q

Closed system

A

A system in which mass is conserved inside the system but energy can enter or leave the system freely

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24
Q

Open system

A

A system in which both energy and matter can be exchanged between the system and its surroundings

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25
Q

Reversible reaction

A

A reaction in which products can be converted back into reactants 

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26
Q

Dynamic chemical equilibrium

A

Irreversible reaction in which the forward and reverse reactions are taking place at the same rate, and hence the concentrations of reactants and products are constant

27
Q

Le Chatelier’s principle

A

When an external stress (change in pressure, temperature or concentration) is applied to a system and dynamic chemical equilibrium, the equilibria point will change in such a way as to counteract the stress

28
Q

Equilibrium constant Kc

A

Temperature is the only factor which influences the valley of the equilibrium constant

29
Q

Acid

A

A proton donor

30
Q

Base

A

A proton acceptor 

31
Q

Ionisation

A

The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions 

32
Q

Strong acid

A

In acid that ionises completely in an aqueous solution

33
Q

Weak acid

A

An acid that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution

34
Q

Dissociation

A

The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions

35
Q

Strong base

A

A bass that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution

36
Q

Weak base

A

A bass that only dissociates/ionises partially in an aqueous solution

37
Q

Amphoteric or amphiprotic substance 

A

A substance that can act as either an acid or base

38
Q

Salt

A

A substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation

39
Q

Hydrolysis of a salt

A

Reaction of an iron (from a salt) with water

40
Q

Neutralisation (or the equivalence point)

A

The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is in excess 

41
Q

Standard solution

A

A solution of known concentration

42
Q

Redox reaction

A

A reaction involving the transfer of electrons

43
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons

44
Q

Reduction

A

The gain of electrons

45
Q

Oxidising agent

A

a substance that accepts electrons

46
Q

Reducing agent

A

A substance that donates electrons

47
Q

Anode

A

The electrode where oxidation takes place

48
Q

Cathode

A

The electrode where reduction takes place

49
Q

Electrolyte

A

A substance that can conduct electricity by forming free irons when molten or dissolved in a solution

50
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

51
Q

Saturated compound

A

A compound in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

52
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

A compound in which there is at least one double and/or triple bond between carbon atoms

53
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule

54
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and the same general formula in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit

55
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

56
Q

Cracking

A

The breaking up (cracking) of a large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful molecules (specifically a smaller hydrocarbon and one or more small alkenes)

57
Q

Concentration

A

The amount of solute per unit volume of solution

58
Q

Intramolecular bonds

A
59
Q

Dipole dipole

A
60
Q

London forces

A
61
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A small atom
High electronegativity
With at least one lone pair of electrons

62
Q

Strength of london forces

A

Influenced by size of the temporary dipoles
Which is influenced by:
No. Of electrons
Longbranched chain vs branched chain

63
Q

Melting point of giant structures

A

Diamond
Graphite
Silicon dioxide
Melting and boiling points are high due to the large amount of energy needed to break the many strong covalent bonds

64
Q

Melting or boiling points in giant ionic structures

A

The melting or boiling points are determined by electrostatic forces of attraction between the cations and the anions in the lattice structure

Physics (14 decks)

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