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chemistry chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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2
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Over millions of years from the remains of ancient biomass

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3
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Hydrocarbons that only have single bonds

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4
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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5
Q

What is the general formula for the alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

How does boiling point depend on chain length?

A

Longer the chain, higher the boiling point

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7
Q

How does viscosity depend on chain length?

A

Longer the chain, higher the viscosity

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8
Q

How does flammability depend on chain length?

A

Longer the chain, lower the flammability

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9
Q

How can the different alkanes in crude oil be separated?

A

Fractional distillation

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10
Q

What is a fraction?

A

A group of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths

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11
Q

Name five useful fuels produced from fractional distillation.

A

Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases

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12
Q

Name four useful materials produced from crude oil fractions.

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents

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13
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down a hydrocarbon with a long chain into smaller molecules

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14
Q

Name two methods to carry out cracking.

A

Steam cracking, catalytic cracking

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15
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Short chain alkanes and alkenes

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16
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with a double bond

17
Q

What are alkenes used for?

A

Formation of polymers

18
Q

Describe the reactivity of alkenes compared to alkanes.

A

Alkenes are much more reactive

19
Q

How can you test for alkenes?

A

Alkenes turn orange bromine water colourless

20
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A thick black liquid made of a large number of different compounds mixed together

21
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made of carbon and hydrogen only

22
Q

What is combustion?

A

A reaction where hydrocarbons react with oxygen to release energy

23
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

A type of combustion where the only products are carbon dioxide and water

24
Q

What is the relationship between chain length and flammability?

A

Longer chain hydrocarbons are less flammable

25
Q

What is the relationship between chain length and viscosity?

A

Longer chain hydrocarbons have higher viscosity

26
Q

What is the relationship between chain length and boiling point?

A

Longer chain hydrocarbons have higher boiling points

27
Q

What happens during fractional distillation?

A

Hydrocarbons are separated based on their boiling points

28
Q

What is the role of the fractionating column?

A

It separates hydrocarbon gases as they cool and condense

29
Q

What is the significance of the boiling point in fractional distillation?

A

All molecules in a fraction have a similar number of carbon atoms and a similar boiling point

30
Q

why is fractional distillation used to separate crude oil into fractions?

A

it enables the production of different products from crude oil which have specific uses and properties

31
Q

what is boiling point

A

the temperature at which a substance boils and changes from liquid to gas or gas to liquid

32
Q

what are the products of fractional distillation?

A

fuels, feedstock, useful materials

33
Q

what is feedstock

A

the raw material used for other
processes and the production of other substances

34
Q

what is flammability

A

how easily a substance burns

35
Q

what are fuels?

A

a substance that releases heat energy when it burns

36
Q

why is carbon monoxide toxic?

A

it is a colourless and odourless gas which reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.

37
Q

process of cracking:

A

heat to 300 degrees C then either:
pass over a hot catalyst
mix with steam at high temperatures.

38
Q

Why do we crack hydrocarbons?

A

longer chain hydrocarbons are in lower demand because:
- they are thick liquids or solids
- they have high boiling points so are not very flammable (do not burn easily)

short chain hydrocarbons are in higher demand because they are more useful:
- they are gases (easier to transport)
- more likely to perfrom complete combustion
- more flammable

39
Q

describe the process of fractional disitilation

A
  1. crude oil is heated to 350 degrees and the compounds become vapours
  2. the hydrocarbon gases enter the fractionating column (which is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top)
  3. the hot vapours rise up the fractionating column
    4.as they rise up, they begin to cool down
    5.when the different hydrocarbons get to to their boiling points in the coliumn, they condense. similiar chain length hydrocarbons have similiar boiling points.
  4. the hydrocarbons are collected

Group Study Flashcards (26 decks)

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