Chemistry Big Test Flashcards by Sarah Boutzis

How do I write atomic notations?

Mass number
Element
Atomic number

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What are the charges on a proton? Neutron? Electron?

Proton positive
Neutron neutral
Electron negative

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What is a group? What does it tell you?

A group is vertical and it tells you the number of valence electrons.

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What is a period? What does it tell you?

A period is horizontal and it tells you the number of shells on an element

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What is a metalloid? An example?

A metalloid is an element that has properties of a metal and non metal.
Silicon

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Are elements in a period or group alike?

A group. They share similar properties.

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What group are the halogens in?

Group 17

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What group are the alkali metals in?

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What group are the alkaline earth metals in?

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What group are the noble gases in?

They are the most stable

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Why are the noble gases so stable?

They have a full valence shell of electrons (8 or 2)

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What are two differences between ionic and covalent bonds?

Ionic
Metal and non metal
Valence e’s are transferred

Covalent
Electrons are shared
Non metal and non metal

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Ionic vs. molecular compounds
Melting point
Electrolyte 
Hardness
Solubility 
State
odour

Ionic 
High
Yes
Hard
Most 
Solid @room temp
usually no odour

Covalent
Lower 
No 
softer
Varies 
Solid liquid or gas
has odour

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How do metals react compared to non metals?

What do they want?

Metals lose electrons non metals gain

All atoms strive for 8 electrons which makes them extremely stable and unreactive.

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What group are the chalcogens in?

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What group are the coinage metals in?

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Where are the transition metals?

3-12

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Lewis diagrams

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Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

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Metal reactivity

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Non metal reactivity

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Ionic bonding

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Covalent bonding

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What is a non metal ion called?

And anion

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What is a metal ion called?

Cation

Metals gain or lose their electrons?

Lose

Non metals gain or lose electrons?

Gain

What ions use "ide"?

Non metal ions

Why does table salt (NaCl) have a much higher melting point than sugar?

Table slat is an ionic compound so the ions are held very tightly together in a lattice form. There is also a strong force of attraction between the ions. Sugar is a molecular compound so the force of attraction isn't as strong between the ions.

Why does magnesium chloride conduct electricity when dissolved in water? Explain.

The water breaks apart the lattice which is holding the ions together. This allows the ions to move freely thus releasing the electrolytes present in ions.

Naming binary compounds

Writing formulas of binary compounds

Oxidation states

Ternary Compounds

Ending is -ate

Roman numerals

``` I II III IV V VI VII VIII ```

The prefix method of nomenclature

``` Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta ```

Word equations | Magnesium burns brightly in oxygen to produce the white powder, magnesium oxide

Magnesium + oxygen -----> magnesium oxide

What is the law of conservation of mass?

The total number of atoms at the beginning of the reaction must equal the total number of atoms at the end

Balancing equations

Exothermic vs endothermic

``` Endothermic Heat enters the system (cool on surrounding) Heat on left of equation Exo Heat leaves the system Heating effect on surroundings Heat on right of equation ```

What is the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases

Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water | Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions in water.

What colour does red litmus paper turn in an acid? A base? | Blue litmus?

Red litmus Acid Red Base blue Blue litmus Acid red Base blue

What colour does phenolphthalein turn in an acid? A base?

Acid Colourless Base Dark pink

What colour does bromothymol blue turn in an acid? A base?

Acid Yellow Base Blue

What happens when there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions in a solution?

The concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions [H^+] > [OH^-] An acid is formed

What happens when there are more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions in a solution?

A base is formed. The concentration of hydroxide ions is greater than the concentration of hydrogen ions. [OH^-] > [Na^+] (Sodium hydroxide in water)

Acid or base? Reacts with carbonates? What does it produce?

Acids | Produces carbon dioxide

Acid or base? | Conducts electricity

Both

Acid or base? | Sour taste

Acid

Acid or base? | Bitter taste

Base

Acid or base? Reacts with metals What is produced?

Acid | Produces hydrogen

Acid or base? | Tastes bitter

Base

Corrosive | Acid or base?

Both

Feels slippery | Acid or base?

Base

What is an acid-base indicator?

A substance that changes colour depending if it is an acid or base.

Define alkaline.

A substance that has a pH greater than 7.0

What does pH stand for?

Power (potency) of hydrogen ion

How many more times basic is a solution of pH 11 from a pH 8 solution?

1000x more basic | Each step is 10x more basic

What type of reaction is neutralization?

Double displacement

What are applications of neutralization?

Anti acids Fire extinguishers Baking (baking soda and powder) Hair perming

What does a higher pH mean?

The solution is more basic

What is the process of acid rain?

Factories release sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, carbon dioxide and reacts with the water in the air. Nitric acid, carbonic acid, and sulfuric acid is formed.

What is the pH of acid rain?

Less than 5.6

What is the pH of normal rain?

Slightly acidic

What are the effects of acid rain on the environment?

Kills aquatic life Destroys vegetation Stunts growth of organisms

Distinguish between incomplete and complete combustion in 3 ways

``` Complete Blue flame More energy released No soot clean burn Carbon dioxide and water ``` ``` Incomplete Orange flame Less energy released Lots of soot Dirty burn Carbon dioxide water carbon monoxide carbon(soot) ```

What is a use for sulfuric acid?

Fertilizer

What is a use for carbonic acid?

Soft drinks

What is a use for nitric acid?

Explosives

What is a use for magnesium hydroxide?

Antacid

What is a use for calcium hydroxide?

Ingredient in Plaster

What is a use for ammonium hydroxide?

Glass cleaner (Windex)

Balance an equation

Woo

write a chemical formula

write a chemical name

now

draw an ionic bond

you can do it!

where is the mass number found in atomic notation?

on top

where is the atomic number found in atomic notation?

on the bottom

what is an ionic bond?

a force of attraction between a metal and non metal

what is a covalent bond?

a force of attraction between a metal and metal