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Science > Biology 1 > Flashcards

Biology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Label an animal cell

A

You can do it!

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2
Q

What are the steps to mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase 
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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3
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

The cell carries on its normal activities but near the end of its cycle
The chromatids duplicate to form sister chromatids they are connected by a centromere

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4
Q

What stage is the longest of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The centrioles duplicate and the pairs move to opposite sides of the cells
Spindle fibres extend from the centrioles
Chromatin shortens and thickens
The nuclear membrane and nucleus dissolves
In late prophase, the spindle fibres attach to the centromeres

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6
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

The paired chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

Movement is slow so the spindle fibres don’t get tangled

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7
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The centromeres split apart

The spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to the opposite sides of the cell and are called daughter chromosomes

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8
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The nucleus and nuclear membrane reappear
The cell membrane starts to pinch in
Chromosomes become chromatin again
Cytokinesis begins

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9
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The rest of the cell divides and the cell membrane forms again. Pinching of the cell is called furrowing.

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10
Q

How is plant cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis?

A

A cell plate forms in a plant cell which helps separate the daughter cells

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11
Q

What are the 6 ways plant and animal cells are different?

A 
Animal cells/Plant Cells
Many vacuoles/one vacuole 
No chloroplast/chloroplast 
No cell wall/cell wall
Lysosomes/ no lysosomes 
Centrioles/no centrioles
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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of chemicals from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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13
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of WATER molecules through a semi permeable membrane towards a region of high solute concentration

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14
Q

Magnification in high, medium and low power

A

Use magnification formula

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15
Q

Field of view questions

A

Yay

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16
Q

What happened to the e?

A

The e mirrored and flipped upside down

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17
Q

Label a microscope

A

Go!

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18
Q

What are the three main functions of a cell?

A

Transporting materials (osmosis, diffusion), using energy and dividing

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19
Q

What are the two ways a cell transports materials?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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20
Q

How do cells use energy?

A

To carry out their normal functions and through the combustion reaction in the mitochondria

(Know formula)

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of living things? (6)

A 
Composed of cells
Grow
Limited life span
Reproduce
Use energy for maintenance and growth
Make changes in response to stimulus
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22
Q

What is the cell theory? (3)

A

All living things are made up of cells
The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out life’s processes
All cells come from pre-existing cells

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23
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification of ocular x mag of objective

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24
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to see fine detail

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25
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Allows organelles to be moved around
Stores things for the cell
Supports cell structure

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26
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Supports the cell
Allows things to leave and enter the cell (semi permeable)
Protects animal cells

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27
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls all cell activities

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28
Q

What does the nuclear membrane do?

A

Allows information to travel in and out of the nucleus

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29
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Holds the genetic information of the cell (RNA)

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30
Q

What does the chromatin do and where is it?

A

Stores genetic information for life processes. It is found in the nucleus

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31
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Produces energy for the cell

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32
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Transports materials throughout the cell such as protein

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33
Q

Ribosomes?

A

Ball like structures that are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. They are protein.

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34
Q

What does the Golgi body do?

A

Collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell. Packages proteins.

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35
Q

What do the vacuoles do?

A

They are the storage place in the cell. Stores water, food, minerals

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36
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Digests food and waste

Called suidice sacs because they are full of poison

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37
Q

Why are the centrioles important?

A

They are the key component in animal cell division

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38
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It supports and protects the plant cell against physical injury.
It is completely permeable

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39
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

They give leaves their green colour and produce food for plant cells.

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40
Q

Why does the image become darker in high power?

A

The field of view is smaller and as a result less light can travel to your eye because of the smaller space.

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41
Q

How do you figure out the field of view?

A

Mag under high power
Divided by the
Mag under low power

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42
Q

Field of view question

A

Do it

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43
Q

Object size question

A

You can do it!

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44
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

Where does it take place?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Takes place in the mitochondrial

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45
Q

Why do cells divide instead of grow?

A

The surface area of the cell will get too small to let enough nutrients into the cell. The result is that the cell would die if it got too big.

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46
Q

What are the four reasons for cell division?

A 
Reproduction
Growth 
Repair 
Regeneration 
-lizard grows a new tail
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47
Q

What are the two types of cell reproduction?

A

Asexual

  • exact copies
  • one parent

Sexual

  • mix of both parents
  • two parents
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48
Q

Guess the stage of a cell by looking at a diagram.

A

Review package

49
Q

What are the three types of cell replacement?

A

Normal
Aging
-cells die but don’t grow back
Cancer
-cells destroy themselves and normal functioning
-cancerous cells remove nutrients from normal cells

50
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease the results in uncontrolled cell division

51
Q

What effect does cancer have on the cell cycle?

A

It shortens the amount of time a cell spends in interphase

52
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of cells that grow and divide without any function in the body

53
Q

What are the two types of cells/tumours?

A

Benign is not cancerous and does not effect surrounding tissue

Malignant tumours destroy surrounding cells. They are cancerous.

54
Q

What is metastatic?

A

A cancerous cell that is in the bloodstream and moves to another location in the body to start a tumour

55
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

An environmental factor that causes cancer

Uv Rays

56
Q

What is one way a doctor can screen for cancer?

A

A PAP test

57
Q

What is an example of machine that can detect cancer?

A

CT/CAT scan

58
Q

What are the three main treatments for cancer?

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation

59
Q

Why is there a risk of cancer recurring?

A

It could be in the blood or some could be left over from the surgery

60
Q

What is the FOV under low, medium, high?

A

4500 um, 2000 um, 450 um

61
Q

Label a plant cell

A

Please

62
Q

what does the ocular lens do?

A

the part you look thorough

magnifies the object

63
Q

what does the body tube do?

A

supports the objective lenses

64
Q

what does the arm do?

A

holds up and supports the lenses

used to transport the microscope

65
Q

what does the coarse adjustment knob do?

A

moves the body tube up and down

66
Q

what does the fine adjustment knob do?

A

moves the tube and gets the image in sharp focus

67
Q

what does the base do?

A

supports the microscope

68
Q

what does the revolving nosepiece do?

A

holds the objective lens and rotates

69
Q

what does the objective lens do?

A

magnifies the object

3 lenses

70
Q

what does the stage do?

A

supports the microscope slide

71
Q

what does the stage clip do?

A

holds the slide in place

72
Q

what does the diaphragm do?

A

controls the amount of light that reaches the object

73
Q

where is epithelial tissue located and what is it used for?

A

thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lines internal organs
protects from dehydration, on low friction surfaces

found in skin and lining of digestive cells

74
Q

connective tissue. function and where is it?

A

various types of cells and fibres held together
supports insulation
found in bone, tendons, and blood

75
Q

muscle tissue function and found?

A

long thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses
used for sensory and communicating the brain and the body
found in brain and in sensory organs

76
Q

label the digestive system

A

go

77
Q

label the circulatory system

A

go

78
Q

label the respiratory system

A

go

79
Q

label the musculoskeletal system

A

go

80
Q

what organs are in the digestive system?

A 
mouth
esophagus
stomach 
small intestines
large intestines
81
Q

what does the mouth do in the digestive system? tissue?

A

starts the process of breaking down food
saliva helps soften the food

epithelial

82
Q

what does the esophagus do in the digestive system? tissue?

A

moves food from the mouth to the stomach by contracting muscles
smooth muscle tissue
nerve tissue
epithelial

83
Q

what does the stomach do in the digestive system?

tissue?

A

holds and churns food (1-3 hours) a signal is sent to our brain when we are full
smooth muscle tissue
nerve
epithelial

84
Q

what do the small intestines do in the digestive system? tissue?

A 
connects the stomach to the anus. nutrients are absorbed into the blood here through the villi 
6m long
smooth muscle
epithelial
nerve
85
Q

what does the large intestine do in the digestive system? tissue?

A

absorbs water from the food
1.5m long
remaining matter is excreted

epithelial
smooth muscle
nerve tissue

86
Q

what does the digestive system do?

A

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. excretes remaining waste

87
Q

what does the circulatory system do?

A

moves materials around the body

88
Q

what does the circulatory system carry?

A 
nutrients
oxygen
waste
immune cells
Heat
89
Q

label the circulatory system

A

go

90
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

91
Q

what are the 4 components of blood and their function?

A

red blood cells- transport oxygen throughout the body no nucleus
white blood cells- fight infections make up 0.1% of blood
platelets- help with clotting less then 1% of blood volume
plasma- liquid that moves the blood cells along over half of the blood’s volume

92
Q

what does plasma carry?

A

dissolved gas, nutrients, waste, viruses, heat, immune cells

93
Q

what does the heart do in the circulatory system? tissue?

A

moves blood around the body
pumps at a regular beat
it is a muscle

cardiac muscle tissue
nerve
epithelial
connective

94
Q

what do arteries do and tissues?

A 
carry blood away from the heart 
have thick walls
under high pressure
connective
muscle 
epithelial
95
Q

what do veins do and what tissues?

A

carry blood toward the heart
connective
muscle
epithelial

96
Q

what do capillaries do and tissues?

A

allow substances to diffuse between blood and tissue
every part of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries
epithelial
connective

97
Q

what does the respiratory system do?

A

provides oxygen throughout your body and takes out the carbon dioxide

98
Q

what does the trachea do and what tissue?

A

moves air from mouth to lungs
lines with cilia which forms mucus
connective tissue
epithelial

99
Q

what do the bronchi and bronchioles do?

A

move air from trachea to alveoli

branches out like a tree

100
Q

what does the alveoli do? tissue?

A

allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to dismayed into capillaries
epithelial and some connective

101
Q

what are alveoli always surrounded by?

A

a network of capillaries

102
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A

muscles contract

diaphragm flattens

103
Q

what happens during exhalation?

A

muscles relax

diaphragm expands

104
Q

what two structure are involved in in and ex halation?

A

muscles to move the ribs

diaphragm

105
Q

is breathing voluntary? what gas controls it?

A

no, muscles respond to how much gas is needed in the body

the amount of carbon dioxide forces you to breathe

106
Q

what connects bone to bone?

A

ligament

107
Q

what connects bone to muscle?

A

tendon

108
Q

label a bone joint

A

go

109
Q

what does the skeleton do?

A 
structural support
mineral storage
protection
movement
production of red and white blood cells (bone marrow)
110
Q

what do bones do?
how many are in your body?
tissue?

A

they are for structure and support and movement
206 bones in your body
connective

111
Q

what do ligaments do?

tissue?

A

give support and hold bones and joints together

connective

112
Q

what does cartilage do?

tissue?

A

reduces friction between bones
absorbs energy and shock of physical movement
connective

113
Q

how many muscles are in your body?

A

over 600

114
Q

what do muscles do?

A

move bones

115
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

116
Q

how do muscles work?

A

muscles work in pairs that work against each other

117
Q

when your bicep relaxes what happens to your tricep and elbow joint?

A

elbow bones move further apart

triceps contract

118
Q

what is the flap of tissue called that covers your trachea when you swallow?

A

epiglottis

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