Biology 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Label an animal cell
A
You can do it!
2
Q
What are the steps to mitosis?
A
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
3
Q
What happens during interphase?
A
The cell carries on its normal activities but near the end of its cycle
The chromatids duplicate to form sister chromatids they are connected by a centromere
4
Q
What stage is the longest of the cell cycle?
A
Interphase
5
Q
What happens during prophase?
A
The centrioles duplicate and the pairs move to opposite sides of the cells
Spindle fibres extend from the centrioles
Chromatin shortens and thickens
The nuclear membrane and nucleus dissolves
In late prophase, the spindle fibres attach to the centromeres
6
Q
What happens during metaphase?
A
The paired chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
Movement is slow so the spindle fibres don’t get tangled
7
Q
What happens during anaphase?
A
The centromeres split apart
The spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to the opposite sides of the cell and are called daughter chromosomes
8
Q
What happens during telophase?
A
The nucleus and nuclear membrane reappear
The cell membrane starts to pinch in
Chromosomes become chromatin again
Cytokinesis begins
9
Q
What happens during cytokinesis?
A
The rest of the cell divides and the cell membrane forms again. Pinching of the cell is called furrowing.
10
Q
How is plant cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis?
A
A cell plate forms in a plant cell which helps separate the daughter cells
11
Q
What are the 6 ways plant and animal cells are different?
A
Animal cells/Plant Cells Many vacuoles/one vacuole No chloroplast/chloroplast No cell wall/cell wall Lysosomes/ no lysosomes Centrioles/no centrioles
12
Q
What is diffusion?
A
The movement of chemicals from an area of high concentration to low concentration
13
Q
What is osmosis?
A
The movement of WATER molecules through a semi permeable membrane towards a region of high solute concentration
14
Q
Magnification in high, medium and low power
A
Use magnification formula
15
Q
Field of view questions
A
Yay
16
Q
What happened to the e?
A
The e mirrored and flipped upside down
17
Q
Label a microscope
A
Go!
18
Q
What are the three main functions of a cell?
A
Transporting materials (osmosis, diffusion), using energy and dividing
19
Q
What are the two ways a cell transports materials?
A
Diffusion and osmosis
20
Q
How do cells use energy?
A
To carry out their normal functions and through the combustion reaction in the mitochondria
(Know formula)
21
Q
What are the characteristics of living things? (6)
A
Composed of cells Grow Limited life span Reproduce Use energy for maintenance and growth Make changes in response to stimulus
22
Q
What is the cell theory? (3)
A
All living things are made up of cells
The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out life’s processes
All cells come from pre-existing cells
23
Q
What is the formula for magnification?
A
Magnification of ocular x mag of objective
24
Q
What is resolution?
A
The ability to see fine detail
25
What does the cytoplasm do?
Allows organelles to be moved around
Stores things for the cell
Supports cell structure
26
What does the cell membrane do?
Supports the cell
Allows things to leave and enter the cell (semi permeable)
Protects animal cells
27
What does the nucleus do?
Controls all cell activities
28
What does the nuclear membrane do?
Allows information to travel in and out of the nucleus
29
What does the nucleolus do?
Holds the genetic information of the cell (RNA)
30
What does the chromatin do and where is it?
Stores genetic information for life processes. It is found in the nucleus
31
What does the mitochondria do?
Produces energy for the cell
32
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
Transports materials throughout the cell such as protein
33
Ribosomes?
Ball like structures that are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. They are protein.
34
What does the Golgi body do?
Collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell. Packages proteins.
35
What do the vacuoles do?
They are the storage place in the cell. Stores water, food, minerals
36
What do lysosomes do?
Digests food and waste
| Called suidice sacs because they are full of poison
37
Why are the centrioles important?
They are the key component in animal cell division
38
What does the cell wall do?
It supports and protects the plant cell against physical injury.
It is completely permeable
39
What do the chloroplasts do?
They give leaves their green colour and produce food for plant cells.
40
Why does the image become darker in high power?
The field of view is smaller and as a result less light can travel to your eye because of the smaller space.
41
How do you figure out the field of view?
Mag under high power
Divided by the
Mag under low power
42
Field of view question
Do it
43
Object size question
You can do it!
44
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
| Where does it take place?
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
| Takes place in the mitochondrial
45
Why do cells divide instead of grow?
The surface area of the cell will get too small to let enough nutrients into the cell. The result is that the cell would die if it got too big.
46
What are the four reasons for cell division?
```
Reproduction
Growth
Repair
Regeneration
-lizard grows a new tail
```
47
What are the two types of cell reproduction?
Asexual
- exact copies
- one parent
Sexual
- mix of both parents
- two parents
48
Guess the stage of a cell by looking at a diagram.
Review package
49
What are the three types of cell replacement?
Normal
Aging
-cells die but don't grow back
Cancer
-cells destroy themselves and normal functioning
-cancerous cells remove nutrients from normal cells
50
What is cancer?
A disease the results in uncontrolled cell division
51
What effect does cancer have on the cell cycle?
It shortens the amount of time a cell spends in interphase
52
What is a tumour?
A mass of cells that grow and divide without any function in the body
53
What are the two types of cells/tumours?
Benign is not cancerous and does not effect surrounding tissue
Malignant tumours destroy surrounding cells. They are cancerous.
54
What is metastatic?
A cancerous cell that is in the bloodstream and moves to another location in the body to start a tumour
55
What is a carcinogen?
An environmental factor that causes cancer
Uv Rays
56
What is one way a doctor can screen for cancer?
A PAP test
57
What is an example of machine that can detect cancer?
CT/CAT scan
58
What are the three main treatments for cancer?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation
59
Why is there a risk of cancer recurring?
It could be in the blood or some could be left over from the surgery
60
What is the FOV under low, medium, high?
4500 um, 2000 um, 450 um
61
Label a plant cell
Please
62
what does the ocular lens do?
the part you look thorough
| magnifies the object
63
what does the body tube do?
supports the objective lenses
64
what does the arm do?
holds up and supports the lenses
| used to transport the microscope
65
what does the coarse adjustment knob do?
moves the body tube up and down
66
what does the fine adjustment knob do?
moves the tube and gets the image in sharp focus
67
what does the base do?
supports the microscope
68
what does the revolving nosepiece do?
holds the objective lens and rotates
69
what does the objective lens do?
magnifies the object
| 3 lenses
70
what does the stage do?
supports the microscope slide
71
what does the stage clip do?
holds the slide in place
72
what does the diaphragm do?
controls the amount of light that reaches the object
73
where is epithelial tissue located and what is it used for?
thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lines internal organs
protects from dehydration, on low friction surfaces
found in skin and lining of digestive cells
74
connective tissue. function and where is it?
various types of cells and fibres held together
supports insulation
found in bone, tendons, and blood
75
muscle tissue function and found?
long thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses
used for sensory and communicating the brain and the body
found in brain and in sensory organs
76
label the digestive system
go
77
label the circulatory system
go
78
label the respiratory system
go
79
label the musculoskeletal system
go
80
what organs are in the digestive system?
```
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
```
81
what does the mouth do in the digestive system? tissue?
starts the process of breaking down food
saliva helps soften the food
epithelial
82
what does the esophagus do in the digestive system? tissue?
moves food from the mouth to the stomach by contracting muscles
smooth muscle tissue
nerve tissue
epithelial
83
what does the stomach do in the digestive system?
| tissue?
holds and churns food (1-3 hours) a signal is sent to our brain when we are full
smooth muscle tissue
nerve
epithelial
84
what do the small intestines do in the digestive system? tissue?
```
connects the stomach to the anus. nutrients are absorbed into the blood here through the villi
6m long
smooth muscle
epithelial
nerve
```
85
what does the large intestine do in the digestive system? tissue?
absorbs water from the food
1.5m long
remaining matter is excreted
epithelial
smooth muscle
nerve tissue
86
what does the digestive system do?
breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. excretes remaining waste
87
what does the circulatory system do?
moves materials around the body
88
what does the circulatory system carry?
```
nutrients
oxygen
waste
immune cells
Heat
```
89
label the circulatory system
go
90
what type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
91
what are the 4 components of blood and their function?
red blood cells- transport oxygen throughout the body no nucleus
white blood cells- fight infections make up 0.1% of blood
platelets- help with clotting less then 1% of blood volume
plasma- liquid that moves the blood cells along over half of the blood's volume
92
what does plasma carry?
dissolved gas, nutrients, waste, viruses, heat, immune cells
93
what does the heart do in the circulatory system? tissue?
moves blood around the body
pumps at a regular beat
it is a muscle
cardiac muscle tissue
nerve
epithelial
connective
94
what do arteries do and tissues?
```
carry blood away from the heart
have thick walls
under high pressure
connective
muscle
epithelial
```
95
what do veins do and what tissues?
carry blood toward the heart
connective
muscle
epithelial
96
what do capillaries do and tissues?
allow substances to diffuse between blood and tissue
every part of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries
epithelial
connective
97
what does the respiratory system do?
provides oxygen throughout your body and takes out the carbon dioxide
98
what does the trachea do and what tissue?
moves air from mouth to lungs
lines with cilia which forms mucus
connective tissue
epithelial
99
what do the bronchi and bronchioles do?
move air from trachea to alveoli
| branches out like a tree
100
what does the alveoli do? tissue?
allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to dismayed into capillaries
epithelial and some connective
101
what are alveoli always surrounded by?
a network of capillaries
102
What happens when you inhale?
muscles contract
| diaphragm flattens
103
what happens during exhalation?
muscles relax
| diaphragm expands
104
what two structure are involved in in and ex halation?
muscles to move the ribs
| diaphragm
105
is breathing voluntary? what gas controls it?
no, muscles respond to how much gas is needed in the body
| the amount of carbon dioxide forces you to breathe
106
what connects bone to bone?
ligament
107
what connects bone to muscle?
tendon
108
label a bone joint
go
109
what does the skeleton do?
```
structural support
mineral storage
protection
movement
production of red and white blood cells (bone marrow)
```
110
what do bones do?
how many are in your body?
tissue?
they are for structure and support and movement
206 bones in your body
connective
111
what do ligaments do?
| tissue?
give support and hold bones and joints together
| connective
112
what does cartilage do?
| tissue?
reduces friction between bones
absorbs energy and shock of physical movement
connective
113
how many muscles are in your body?
over 600
114
what do muscles do?
move bones
115
what are the three types of muscle?
cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
116
how do muscles work?
muscles work in pairs that work against each other
117
when your bicep relaxes what happens to your tricep and elbow joint?
elbow bones move further apart
| triceps contract
118
what is the flap of tissue called that covers your trachea when you swallow?
epiglottis
