Chemistry and Cell Flashcards
Atoms
microscopic particles that are the units of energy that make up these elements
Molecules
atoms bind together, form molecules, a large but still microscopic particle
Element
atoms combine to create molecules, bond with either an identical atom to form a molecule of one of the basic elements on the periodic table
Compound
different types of atoms create a substance called a compound
Inorganic compound
made up of molecules that do NOT contain CARBON
Ions
compounds that break apart to either form a positive or negatively charged atoms or molecules
Electrolytes
compounds containing charged particles (ions) that conducts an electrical current
Acids
electrolyte compounds that specifically release hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water
Bases
compounds that release another type of ion known as the hydroxide ion OH+ in water
pH scale
the scale that measures the balance between the number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
centrosome
the organelle formed by two bundles of micro-tubules that plays an important role in cell division
Golgi apparatus
this organelle is located close to the nucleus and is responsible for modification and packaging of proteins for movement outside of the cell
acidic, under 7
compounds that release hydroxide ions in water are called _______ compound, and they are designated as such by having a pH value of _____.
Organic
type of compound always contains large carbon molecules
Water
an inorganic compound serves as the medium for most chemical exchanges between cells and tissues and is an essential component for transportation of nutrients and waste
nucleic acids and lipids
the organic substances that make up all cells in the body are proteins, carbohydrates
three common structural components of almost all cells in the body are nucleus, cytoplasma, and _______
plasma membrane
integral membrane proteins
the cell structure allows the cell to read and respond to its environment
cytosol
a key component of the cytoplasm inside cells is the gel-like medium made up of 75-90% water
what structure in the cell produces the energy molecules ATP?
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
the cellular organelle has the responsibility of providing a pathway for substances to move throughout the cell
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
provide shape, strength, and mobility to cells
Centrosome
the organelle formed by two bundles of microtubules that plays an important role in cell division
Golgi apparatus
an organelle is located close to the nucleus and is responsible for modification and packaging of proteins for movement outside of the cell
If no energy is used to move a substance across the cellular membrane, it is called a/an _______ transport mechanism.
passive
osmosis
the passive transport process where water moves from an area of higher to lower concentration
Which of these active transport mechanisms employs special transport proteins to move sodium, potassium, and calcium across cell membranes?
ion pumps
How much of the total water in a human body is intracellular fluid inside the cells?
two-thirds
Metabolism
all of the chemical processes that occur in the body to sustain life
catabolism
any chemical process the body uses to break down nutrients or molecules
Ectoderm
the organs and tissues of the skin and nervous system develop from which of the organized layers of stem cells in the embryo
Which of the four types of tissue is “avascular”?
epithelical
muscle tissue
has the unique ability to generate force for movement via contraction
connective tissue
most abundant and widespread type of tissue in the body
nervous tissue
tissue that has the ability of generating and conducting electrical impulses
4 basic types of tissue in the body
Epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective
Epithelial tissue
tissue that is capable of complete and rapid regeneration
simple squamous
an epithelial tissue made up of flat cells arranged in a single layer
stratified
multiple layers of epithelial tissue
Which type of muscle tissue is described as striated and voluntary
skeletal
Besides being smooth in appearance, the other distinction of visceral muscle is that its contractions are:
involuntary
Collagen
the type of connective tissue fibers that is the thickest, strongest, and most abundant fiber in the body
What physiologic change occurs in surrounding tissue when histamine is secreted?
tissue permeabilty is increased
Ground substance
the intercellular fluid component of all connective tissue
