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Combined Science IGCSE > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Which changes of state need energy?

A

Melting, evaporating and sublimation

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

Simplest thing that can exist on its own

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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4
Q

What is an ion?

A

Charged particle

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5
Q

What is a mixture?

A

2 or more substances not chemically joined together

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the atom

A

Nucleus that contains protons and neutrons with electrons in shells orbiting it

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7
Q

What is the mass of a proton? neutron? electron?

A

P= 1, n = 1, e 1/1840 or negigible

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8
Q

What are the charges on a proton? neutron? electron?

A

p = +, n = 0, e = -

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9
Q

What does the proton number (atomic number) tell you?

A

Number of protons (which equals the number of electrons in an atom)

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10
Q

How do you work out the amount of neutrons?

A

Mass number - atomic number

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11
Q

How is a positive ion formed? What does this happen in?

A

Lose an electron - metals

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12
Q

How is a negative ion formed?

A

Gain an electron - non metals

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13
Q

What happens in an ionic bond?

A

Electrons are given from metals to non-metals

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14
Q

What happens in a covalent bond?

A

Electrons are shared between non-metals

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15
Q

Which is the stronger bond covalent or ionic?

A

Ionic

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16
Q

What are the differences between ionic and covalent compounds?

A

Ionic have higher mpt and bpt, are soluble in water, conduct electricity when molten, not volatile (do not evaporate easily)

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17
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Gives out heat or energy

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18
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Takes in heat

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19
Q

In a chemical reaction what happens?

A

Bonds broken (endothermic) then new bonds made (exothermic)

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20
Q

What is loss of oxygen in a reaction called?

A

Reduction

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21
Q

What is gain of oxygen in a reaction called?

A

Oxidation

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22
Q

In the reaction
Ca0 + Mg = MgO + Ca
What was oxidised and what was reduced?

A 
Ca = reduced
Mg = oxidised
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23
Q

What does the group number on the periodic table tell you?

A

Number of outer electrons

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24
Q

What are group 1 called?

A

Alkali metals

25
Q

What happens as you go down group 1?

A

More reactive, less dense, lower mpt, less dense

26
Q

What are group 7 called?

27
Q

What happens as you go down group 7?

A

Less reactive, more dense (more solid), darker colour

28
Q

Will a reaction occur?

Sodium chloride + iodine

A

No as Iodine is less reactive than chlorine

29
Q

Will a reaction occur?

Sodium chloride + fluorine

A

Yes as fluorine is more reactive than chlorine

30
Q

What are the properties of transition metals

A

High density, high mpt, conductors, coloured compounds, used as catalysts

31
Q

What is group 8 or 0 called?

A

Noble gases

32
Q

What are noble gases used for?

A

Lighting and balloons

33
Q

Why are the noble gases monoatomic?

A

Do not react as have a full outer shell

34
Q

What are ph1-6?

35
Q

What is pH 7?

36
Q

What is ph 8-14?

37
Q

Name the 3 acids, their formula and the salts they make

A

Hydrochloric HCl - chlorides
Sulphuric H2So4 - sulphates
Nitric HNO3 - Nitrates

38
Q

How do you make an insolube salt?

A

Mix and wait till you see no more reaction then filter and the salt is in the filter paper

39
Q

How do you make a soluble salt?

A

Mis and wait till you see no more reaction, filter then evaporate to leave the salt crystals

40
Q

What does metal + acid make?

A

Salt + hydrogen

41
Q

What does metal oxide + acid make?

A

Salt + water

42
Q

What does metal hydroxide + acid make

A

salt + water

43
Q

What does metal carbonate + acid make?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

44
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A

conductors of heat and electricity, high mpt. high bpt, malleable, ductile

45
Q

What is an alloy? Draw a diagram

A

Mixture of metals

46
Q

Why use an alloy of iron (steel) rather than iron?

A

stronger, doesn’t rust

47
Q

What are the metals in order of reactivity

A 
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Copper
48
Q

What makes one metal more reactive than another

A

The less electrons it has to lose and how easy it is to lose them to form a positive ion

49
Q

What colour does water turn copper sulfate?

A

Turns from white to blue

50
Q

What colour does water turn cobalt chloride?

A

Turns blue to pink

51
Q

What is air made up of?

A

78% Nitrogen, 21% oxygen then small quantities of CO2 etc

52
Q

What are 3 common pollutants in air?

A

Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen

53
Q

Which gas causes acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxide

54
Q

What are some effects of acid rain?

A

Kill trees, fish and damage bulidings

55
Q

Name 2 greenhouse gases

A

CO2 and methane (cows farts)

56
Q

What do greenhouse gases do?

A

Cause global warming

57
Q

What is needed for rust?

A

iron, water and oxygen

58
Q

What is the chemical name for rust?

A

iron oxide

59
Q

How can you prevent rust?

A

Paint, oil etc

Combined Science IGCSE (3 decks)

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