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Combined Science IGCSE > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 3 differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plants have a cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole and rectangular shape

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2
Q

What do plant and animal cells both have

A

Cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm

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3
Q

Where do chemical reactions in cells take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What contains the genetic information in a cell?

A

nucleus

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5
Q

How are root hair cells adapted?

A

large surface area for absorption

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6
Q

How are palisade cells adapted?

A

Lots of chlorophyll and rectangular shape so no gaps between them

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from high concentration to low down a concentration gradient

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8
Q

How do substances move in and out of cells?

A

Diffusion through cell membrane

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from dilute solution to concentrated solution

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10
Q

How does water enter cells?

A

Osmosis

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11
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

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12
Q

What happens to the glucose made by photosynthesis?

A

Used in respiration, transport or stored as starch

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13
Q

Why do we use aquatic plants for photosynthesis experiments?

A

To see the bubbles given off

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14
Q

What is chlorophyll used for?

A

Trap sunlight for photosynthesis

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15
Q

What allows gases in and out of a leaf?

A

Stomata

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16
Q

Why are nitrates taken in through roots?

A

Make amino acids for growth

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17
Q

Why is magnesium taken in through roots?

A

To make chlorophyll

18
Q

What does xylem transport?

A

Water

19
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

Sugar

20
Q

Describe the pathway of water through a plant from soil to the air

A

In through root hairs, into root, then into xylem which takes it up through the stem to the leaf and out through stomata

21
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from the xylem into the mesophyll layer

22
Q

What speeds up transpiration?

A

Hot day, dry day (less humid) and windy day

23
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Plants growing towards or away from gravity

24
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Plants growing towards or away from light

25
Q

What is the name of the plant growth hormone and where is it made?

A

Auxin - tip of the shoot

26
Q

How does a plant grow towards light?

A

Auxin collects on dark side and makes those cells grow faster so plant bends

27
Q

Why do roots grow down?

A

Gravity pulls auxin to the bottom of the root which stops those cells at the bottom growing and so it bends down

28
Q

Where is pollen produced?

A

Anthers

29
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

30
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When the nucleus of a pollen fuses with the nucleus of an ovule

31
Q

How can you tell a plant is animal or insect pollinated?

A

Bright colours, scent, nectar and hooks on pollen grain

32
Q

How can you tell a plant is wind pollinated?

A

Anthers hang out of the flower. Pollen grains are small, light and smooth

33
Q

What is the source of energy in food chains?

A

Sun

34
Q

What always starts a food chain?

A

Producer (plant)

35
Q

What are the animals called?

A

Consumers

36
Q

What is the position of an animal in a food chain or food web called?

A

Trophic layer

37
Q

What happens at each stage of a food chain?

A

Energy is lost (so most are only 4 trophic layers)

38
Q

How is energy lost at each stage of a food chain?

A

Not all parts eaten, some is egested, some is excreted, the animals use energy to move

39
Q

What live on dead or decaying matter?

A

Decomposers

40
Q

What happens in eutrophication?

A

Fertilisers wash into rivers, river plants grow, ones at surface grow so much they block the sun so ones at bottom die. Decomposers eat the dead plants so multiply and use all the oxygen up when they respire, this means fish die

41
Q

What are the seven life processes?

A

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

Combined Science IGCSE (3 decks)

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