Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NURS104 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Features of solid matter

A

Rigid, fixed shape and volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of liquid matter

A

Free-flowing, takes shape of the container, defined volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Features of gas (in terms of matter)

A

No fixed shape/volume, takes shape of the container, lots of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a physical change?

A

No new substance is created, the matter takes a different form. Can be reversible/irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes physical change?

A

Usually onset by a change in environment e.g temperature. Can be measured or observed, no rearrangement of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of chemical changes in the body

A

Digestion: converting food into protein, fat, glucose etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define elements

A

Simplest substances, cannot be broken down in reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are elements arranged?

A

In the periodic table in order of atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (neutral charge), electrons (negative charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are protons found?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are neutrons found?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

Floating in valence shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define valency

A

The number of electrons an atom of an element can gain, lose or share

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

Equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (Mass number, M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same element but different number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule with at least 2 different atoms that are chemically bonded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Occur when two atoms differ considerably in electronegativity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs during Ionic bonding?

A

One atom loses an electron to the other (transfer) which results in one charged atom (cation) and one negative atom (anion). Formed between a metal and non-metal e.g NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polar molecules features

A

Electrons not equally shared, one part of the molecule more negative than other (negative/positive poles), hydrophilic, bonding electrons found closer to one pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Non-polar molecules features

A

Electrons equally shared, no poles, occurs between identified identical atoms. Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Like-dissolve-like

A

Molecules of similar polarity can be mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the shape theory and smell?

A

The shape of molecules trigger different smells in the nose due to interacting with different receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A bond between a hydrogen atom and another atm e.g H2O.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hydrogen bonds act as a

A

Proton donor (positive), so bonds to a negative ion electronic pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Can hydrogen bonds occur in both organic and inorganic molecules?
Yes, water | Yes, DNA/proteins
26
The molecular mass is
The mass of a molecule
27
The sum of the molecular mass is...
The sum of (relative) atomic masses of the elements in a compound e.g CO2 and C6H1206 (glucose)
28
A mole is
The specific number of particles in a substance
29
How to calculate the mole
``` n = m/M m = mass M = Molar mass ```
30
What is hypernatremia?
Occurs when sodium levels are too high
31
Normal serum sodium levels are
135-145 mmol/L
32
Hypernatremia sodium levels are
>145-160mmol/L
33
What are some symptoms of hypernatremia?
Vomiting, thirsty, diarrhea, fever
34
Combination reactions are
Two or more substances combine to form a single substance (A+B=AB)
35
Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin | This is an example of what type of reaction
Combination reaction
36
Decomposition/dissociation reactions are
The breakdown of one substance to produce two or more products (AB---> A+B) also are ionisation reactions
37
When ions dissolve in water, this is a
Ionisation reaction
38
Displacement reactions are
The displacement of a less reactive element by a more reactive element. Example = removal of potassium when these levels are too high (kidney failure)
39
Partner exchange
Double displacement, e.g taking antiacids to stop heartburn produced by HCl in the stomach.
40
Redox/oxidation/reduction reactions
Always happen together
41
Oxidation reaction
Gaining of bonds (often to oxygen) and loss of electrons
42
Reduction is
The gaining (often of hydrogen) of electrons e.g rusting
43
What is an enzyme?
A substance that changes the state of a chemical reaction without being changed itself.
44
Aromatic compound
Contain a 'benzene' ring with 6 carbons in a ring with alternating double bonds. Less reactive, always unsaturated.
45
Aliphatic compound
Generally open chains of carbon atoms, most often single bonds
46
Alkanes
Contains only hydrogen and carbon in a single chain, saturated.
47
Alkenes
Contains at least one carbon bond, unsaturated, double bond
48
Alkynes
Contains at least one carbon to carbon triple bond (very reactive).
49
Alcohols
Organic compound, the hydroxyl (OH) functional group is bound to a carbon
50
What are the three types of alcohol?
Isopropyl, methyl, ethyl
51
What do we call alcohol that has more than one OH group?
Glycerol
52
Aldehydes
Functional groups with the structure - CHO. Has a carbonyl centre. Carbon atom also bonded to the hydrogen and on to an R group.
53
Ketones
Breakdown of fatty acids, ketones are the product of this process
54
What hormones prevent ketone levels from rising?
Insulin, glucagon etc
55
When do ketone levels rise?
When you don't have enough insulin to turn glucose into energy
56
Carboxylic acids
Contain a carboxyl group (R-COOH)
57
Amines
Derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups
58
What is the R group in amines
NH2
59
What type of Iron comes from animal sources?
Haem Iron Fe2+
60
Which type of iron is more easily absorbed?
Haem Iron Fe2+
61
What part of the body is Iron most efficiently absorbed?
Small intestine (duodenum)
62
What is iron deficiency usually associated with?
Poverty, infectious/inflammatory cancers
63
What are some symptoms of iron deficiency?
Anaemia (fatigue), behaviour change, impaired temp regulation
64
What is the median iron intake for adults that is recommended?
18.0mg/day
65
What percentage of iron do healthy people absorb from dietary iron?
5-10%
66
What percentage of iron do iron-deficient people absorb from dietary iron?
10-20%
67
What are some factors that decrease iron absorption?
Diarrhoea, milk products, bran, zinc salts
68
What foods can we source iron from?
Animal/fish meats, plants.
69
Iron is stored in what two forms?
Ferritin in the liver, transferrin in the iron transport protein
70
What type of synthesis takes place in the liver in regards to Iron absorption?
Hepcidin synthesis
71
Iron is transported in the...
Plasma
72
Red blood cells carry what percentage of Iron?
70%
73
What is the function of zinc?
Helps maintain the structural integrity of proteins, regulates gene expression, slows tumour growth.
74
What is the recommended zinc intake daily for men and women?
8mg/day for women, 14mg/day for men
75
Where is the absorption site of zinc?
Jejunum (small intestine)
76
What maximises zinc absorption?
When taken in aqueous solution in a fasting state
77
What foods contain zinc?
Meat, liver, seafood
78
You should take no more than.. of zinc per day
50mg/day
79
Zinc deficiency leads to
Growth issues, poor appetite, alopecia, delayed wound healing, susception to infection
80
Excessive zinc intake leads to
Copper deficiency, decreased immune function, low serum HDL levels
81
Low selenium levels lead to
Prostate cancer, HIV, AIDS, depression
82
What percentage of selenium is dependent on diet?
50-100%
83
What foods contain selenium?
Brazil nuts, meat, poultry, eggs, plants/grains
84
What is the average daily intake recommended of selenium for males and females?
``` Females = 60mg/day Males = 70mg/day ```
85
Factors that influence selenium absorption include:
How food has been processed, soil content, antioxidant level of diet
86
Excess selenium levels can lead to:
Hair loss, brittle nails, rash, fatigue
87
What glands are responsible for metabolism?
Thyroid glands
88
Iodine is an important constituent for what hormones?
Thyroid hormones
89
Deficiency of iodine can lead to?
Decreased production of thyroid hormones, can lead to goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)
90
The daily requirement of iodine is:
150Mg/day
91
What foods are iodine found in?
Seafood, milk, eggs, iodised salt
92
Iodine deficiency can lead to:
Stillbirth, abortion, goitre, delayed physical/mental development
93
Recommended level of fluoridated drinking water:
0.7-1.0mg/day
94
What is the condition caused by excess fluoride? And what can it lead to?
Fluorosis | Staining and pitting of the teeth
95
Recommended daily fluoride intake:
4.0mg/day
96
What are some symptoms of non-skeletal fluorosis?
Pain in stomach, loss of appetite, constipation

NURS104 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions