Carbohydrate Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are simple carbohydrates with one sugar called?

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

What are the three important monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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3
Q

Define glucose in terms of monosaccharides

A

Known as blood sugar, it is one of two sugars in every disaccharide

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4
Q

Define fructose in terms of monosaccharides

A

The sweetest sugar

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5
Q

Define galactose in terms of monosaccharides

A

Occurs naturally in a few foods

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6
Q

Why do the three monosaccharides have different sweetness levels?

A

The same number of atoms, but their different arrangements is what causes the different levels of sweetness

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7
Q

What are the three important disaccharides?

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

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8
Q

What is a disaccharide made up of?

A

One sugar molecule (glucose) plus one other

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9
Q

What is the disaccharide maltose made up of and what is it the product of?

A

Made up of two glucose units, and is the product of the starch breakdown

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10
Q

What is the disaccharide lactose made up of and where is it mostly found?

A

Made up of one glucose unit and one galactose unit. Mostly found in milk

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11
Q

What is the disaccharide sucrose made up of and what food is it found in?

A

Made up of one glucose unit and one fructose unit. It is the sweetest sugar and found in fruit, refined table sugar.

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12
Q

Many glucose units in a medium-chain are called:

A

Oligosaccharide

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13
Q

Long-chain of many glucose units:

A

Polysaccharide

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14
Q

What are the two components of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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15
Q

Glycogen is:

A

Branch chain glucose

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16
Q

Why is glycogen in a branch formation?

A

Makes it easy for enzymes to work quickly and break it down in the liver so it can then be released as glucose into the bloodstream

17
Q

When food is in the mouth, what enzyme in the mouth is involved and what occurs?

A

Salivary amylase, which breaks down the bonds between monomeric sugar units of disaccharides, oligosaccharides and starches.

18
Q

What is the other function of salivary amylase?

A

Breaks down amylose and amylopectin into smaller chains of glucose (dextrins and maltose)

19
Q

What enhances the sweetness of food in the mouth?

A

Maltose concentration

20
Q

Why does no further chemical breakdown occur in the stomach once the food is ingested?

A

The acidic environment of the stomach means that amylase is inactivated

21
Q

What are the carbohydrates turned into a mixture of in the stomach?

A

A mixture of chyme (acidic juices and food)

22
Q

What does the pancreas do once the food has reached the small intestine?

A

Releases pancreatic juice that contains pancreatic amylase, which breaks down dextrins into shorter carb chains

23
Q

What enzymes are secreted by the intestinal cells?

A

Sucrase, maltase and lactase

24
Q

What bond does sucrase break?

A

Breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose molecules

25
Q

What bond does maltase break?

A

The two bonds beyweem glucose units of maltose

26
Q

What bond does lactase break?

A

The bond between galactose and glucose

27
Q

Once the carbohydrates have all been broken down into single sugar units, what occurs?

A

They are transported into the inside of the intestinal walls

28
Q

What causes lactose intolerance? And what are the effects of lactose intolerance?

A

When people don’t have enough of the enzyme lactase, lactose is not broken down efficiently and the lactose moves to the large intestine where bacteria can digest it, but this produces gas which can cause stomach pain, etc

29
Q

Fructose is absorbed by what kind of diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion

30
Q

Glucose and galactose are…

A

Actively transported

31
Q

What is the first organ to receive glucose, fructose and galactose?

A

The liver

32
Q

What does the liver do in regards to carb digestion?

A

It converts galactose to glucose =, breaks fructose down further and either stores glucose in the form of glycogen or exports it back into the bloodstream (depending on the body’s blood glucose levels)

33
Q

Which carbohydrates are not efficiently absorbed?

A

Dietary fibres and resistant fibres

34
Q

How are dietary fibres and resistant fibres are broken down?

A

By bacteria in the large intestine, which creates short-chain fatty acids and gases

35
Q

What happens to short-chain fatty acids?

A

Either used by the bacteria to make energy or to grow or are eliminated as waste