chemistry

Question 1

importance of alchemy

Answer 1

introduced processes, hardware and concepts

• susbtances and transformation
  deficiencies: semi-mystical and non-quantitative, no theories or explanations

Question 2

paracelsus: 1493-1541

Answer 2

Phillippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

• rejected academia and travelled
• worked with trithemius in mines to learn about metals
• no medical degree but became physician with simple medicines
• taught at university of basel but burned works of galen & avicenna

Question 3

philosophy & approach to medicine

Answer 3

ignore authority other than hippocrates
medicine should focus on function not form
“dead anatomy”
life is chemical process: iatrocheistry
illness is result of defects in body chemistry

Question 4

archeus

Answer 4

body has mystical internal alchemist controlling its function

Question 5

choice of drugs

Answer 5

partly based on astrology: planets, metals, body

partly doctrine of signatures

Question 6

paracelsus therapies

Answer 6

treated wounds by keeping clean and letting heal
first treated syphillis with mercury
metals for various complaints
laudanium and sweet vitriol

Question 7

balance sheet

Answer 7

thought like a chemist: pure starting materials

biochemist: life is a chemical process
mystic: astrology/doctrine of sig

Question 8

jan baptista van helmont: 1579-1644

Answer 8

flemish mystic, physician and cheminst inspired by paracelsus and subscribed to iatrochemistry
- conservation of matter in chemical reactions
- believed everything is made of water: willow tree
quantitative, charcoal experiment

Question 9

fermentation: van helmont

Answer 9

believed food use by animals, alcoholic fermentation and burning of wood are all same
- unity of living and non-living processes

Question 10

franciscus sylvius

Answer 10

• proposed there is no archeus, no mystical alchemical being
  chemistry of living is same as non-living
• thought digestion needs both acids and alkalis
• invented medicine for kidney ailments: gin

Question 11

rene antoine ferchault reamur: 1683-1757

Answer 11

wondered if digestion was physical or chemical process

- partial digestion in exposure of chemicals without being ground

Question 12

phlogiston theory

Answer 12

principle of combustion in 18th century combustion theory

- why does air in enclosed space support combustion at first but not later?

Question 13

how does phlogeston theory work

Answer 13

combustion is release of wood into air
- ash and phlogiston go into air
- combustion is deliberation of something that is already in wood
stops because air gets filled

Question 14

Johann becher (1635- 1681)

Answer 14

originator of phologiston concept

- thought wood = ash + terra pinguis which is released

Question 15

George ernst stahl: 1660-1742

Answer 15

modified concept of terra pinguis and renamed phlogiston

• flame is heated air caused by rush of phlogiston out of material
• rust = same thing but slower so no flame

Question 16

Joseph black 1728-1799

Answer 16

discovered and named fixed air (CO2) but didnt call it that

- noted burning fermentation produces something deadly to animals and would extinguish a flame

Question 17

joseph priestley: 1733-1804

Answer 17

produced new substance from mercuric oxide: dephlogisticated air (O2)
- animals load air with phlogiston by respiration and combustion does too

Question 18

priestly: blood

Answer 18

venous blood = loaded with phlogiston absorbed from tissue
then released into atmosphere in lungs
artery blood = no phlogiston
- plants restore dephlogisticated air by taking up phlogiston

Question 19

photosynthesis

Answer 19

Jan ingen-Housz (1730-1799)

- green parts of plant restore injured air but only in sunlight

Question 20

oxidation theory

Answer 20

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1784)

• abandoned phlogiston concept and renamed dephlogisticated air “oxygen”
• not air lacking something, but a different material

Question 21

Antoine lavoisier

Answer 21

ice calorimeter: quantify heat released by process

heat released per amount of CO2 released = same with respiration and combustion

Question 22

atomic theory

Answer 22

louis joseph proust- elements combine in compound substancfes in simple constant ratios by weight
john dalton- each compound consists of elements made of atoms, fixed weight and specific numbers

Question 23

in vitro synthesis of organic molecules

Answer 23

freidrich wohler: discovered urea in glassware

hermann kolbe: made acetic acid