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Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Homologous series

A

a group or organic molecules with the same functional group

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2
Q

what is a cycloalkene, (draw a diagram as well)

A

When alkenes are connected in a circle

Google for diagrams

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3
Q

What is a isomer?

A

When a element has the same molecular formula but have a different electron arrangement

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4
Q

What happens when a hydrocarbon increases? (4)

A
  • there is a larger surface area
  • a higher amount of intermolecular forces
  • a higher amount of energy is required to break these bonds
  • this results in higher melting/ boiling point
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5
Q

Draw 2 structural isomers for C6H14

A

/\/\/ or /
/\/
/
If confused look on google

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6
Q

A sigma bond happens in alkanes

Draw a sigma bond

A

Google it

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7
Q

Where can a sigma bond only happen?

A

On the “x” axis

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8
Q

A Pi bond ONLY happens in alkenes, draw a Pi bond

A

Google it

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9
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

Same structural formula but a different arrangement in space

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10
Q

What are the three types of geometric isomers?

A
  • Symmetric and Asymmetric
  • Cis and Trans
  • Z and E isomers
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11
Q

Draw a symmetric isomer for Ethene?

A

google it

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12
Q

Draw a asymmetric isomer for Ethene?

A

google it

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13
Q

What is a Cis isomer?

A

When there are matching groups on the same side

-Makes a C shape`

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14
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

When the matching group are on opposite sides of the double bond

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15
Q

What is a “Z” isomer?

A

like cis isomer, matching groups on the same side

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16
Q

What is a “E” isomer?

A

like trans isomer, groups on different sides

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17
Q

What is a halo-alkanes?

A

when a halogen is attached to an alkane

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18
Q

Draw the electrophilic addition of Bromine?

A

google it

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19
Q

What are the most useful types of hydrocarbons?

A

Short chain hydrocarbons

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20
Q

What are 2 uses for short chain hydrocarbons?

A
  • fuel

- making polymers

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21
Q

What is the process called for breaking hydrocarbons?

A

cracking

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22
Q

What are the two methods for cracking called?

A

Catalytic cracking

Steam cracking

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23
Q

What is catalytic cracking process?

A

uses a temperature of approx 550c

uses a catalyst known as Zeolite which contains aluminium oxide and silicon oxide

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24
Q

What is the steam cracking process?

A

uses a high temperature of over 800c and no catalyst just steam

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25
Q

what is combustion important for ?

A
  • transport
  • electricity
  • heating
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26
Q

What is the equation for combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide

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27
Q

When and why are free radicals formed?

A
  • because alkanes need a very reactive thing to break their covalent bonds
  • they are formed when a covalent bond splits to return the electrons to their atoms
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28
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

when a bond splits and creates a free radical
electrons move individually
needs uv or high temperature

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29
Q

Heterolytic fission?

A

creates a positive and negative bond

splits a bond

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30
Q

what are the 3 stages for a free radical mechanism?

A

initiation
propagation
termination

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31
Q

Describe the initiation phase in free radical mechanism?

give example with chlorine

A

the free radical is formed
(needs uv or 300c)
Cl2–> 2Cl.

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32
Q

Describe the propagation in free radical mechanism?

give example with chlorine

A

step that starts and end with a free radical
the product starts to be formed
CH4+Cl.—> .CH3+HCl

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33
Q

Describe the termination phase in a free radical mechanism?

give example with chlorine

A

steps in which two free radicals react
there are no radicals in the products
2Cl.—> Cl2

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34
Q

Draw a dash and wedge diagram for methene

A

google it

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35
Q

What is the bond angle for a tetrahedral shape?

A

109.5 degrees

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36
Q

What is the bond angle for a trigonal planar shape?

A
  1. degrees
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37
Q

What is the bond angle for a linear shape?

A

180 degrees

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38
Q

Describe the bond length and strength for a sigma bond?

A

strong, good overlap of orbitals

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39
Q

Describe the bond length and strength for a Pi bond?

A

weaker, less overlaps of orbitals

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40
Q

describe the bond length and strength for an alkane?

A

single bond = sigma bond so weaker and longer

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41
Q

Describe the bond length and strength for an alkene?

A

double bond= Sigma and Pi bond so it is stronger

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42
Q

Describe a Benzene bond?

A

fits between single and double bonds

sigma + 0.5 Pi between each carbone

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43
Q

What are the properties of alumina?

A 
Ionic
Hard- strong bonds, lots of energy
High melting Point
insulator when solid
conductor when liquid
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44
Q

When an acid dissolves in water what ion does it produce?

A

H+ ions

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45
Q

When an alkali dissolves in water what ion does it produce?

A

OH- ions

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46
Q

Acid is a ? donor ?

A

proton (H+)

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47
Q

Base is a ? acceptor?

A

H+ acceptor

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48
Q

Acid is a ? acceptor?

A

OH- acceptor

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49
Q

is hydrochloric acid a acid/alkali/base?

A

acid

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50
Q

is sodium hydroxide a acid/alkali/base or alkali and base?

A

alkali and base

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51
Q

Is sulfuric acid an acid/ base/ alkali?

A

acid

52
Q

Is magnesium oxide an acid/ alkali/ base?

A

base

53
Q

Is nitric acid an acid/ alkali/ base?

A

acid

54
Q

Is copper hydroxide an alkali/ acid/ base or alkali and base

A

alkali and base

55
Q

Bases ? acid in water?

A

Neutralise

56
Q

Define amphoteric?

A

when a compound behaves as an acid + base

57
Q

Why can alumni be amphoteric?

A

because it can act as a base accepting protons and also a alkali accepting hydroxide ions

58
Q

What happens at the cathode in electrolysis?

A

H2 is produced
Positive ions are produced
2H( positive) + 2e- (negative) —-> H2

59
Q

What happens the anode?

A

negative ions
Oxygen is produced
4OH —> 4e- + O2 + 2H2O

60
Q

What is the overall equation for electrolysis?

A

2H2O—-> 2H2 + O2

61
Q

In aqueous solutions what happens at the anode?

A
  • Non metals are formed
  • If a halide is present the halogen is formed
    e. g 2Cl—-> Cl2 + 2e -
  • If not Oxygen is formed
62
Q

In electrolysis how do you decide what is formed at the anode?
step by step

A

1) what is the negative ion
2) is it aqueous
a) yes- is it a halogen
i) yes-halogen is produced
ii) no- oxygen is produced
b) no- the element is produced from the ion

63
Q

In electrolysis how do you decide what is formed at the cathode?
step by step

A

1) what is the positive ion
2) is it aqueous
a) yes - is it more reactive than hydrogen
i) yes- hydrogen is produced
ii) no- the metal is produced as an element
b) no- the element is produced from the ion

64
Q

what is a steroisemer?

A

the same structurals formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

65
Q

What is Brine?

A

Sodium chloride solution

66
Q

Metals are always ? Ions

A

positive

67
Q

Non metals are always ? negative ions

A

negative

68
Q

What does PANIC stand for?

A 
Positive
Anode
Negative
In 
Cathode
69
Q

Electrolysis of Brine:

In the No Barrier Cell what is formed at the Cathode?

A
  • sodium hydroxide

- Hydrogen gas

70
Q

Electrolysis of Brine:

In the No Barrier Cell what is formed at the Anode?

A

-Chlorine gas

71
Q

What is sodium hydroxide used for?

A
  • cleaning product
  • removing pollutants from water
  • manufacture of paper
72
Q

What is Chlorine used for?

A
  • disinfectant

- making plastics

73
Q

What is Hydrogen used for?

A
  • manufacture of hydrochloric acid

- potential as a pollution free fuel

74
Q

what is enthalpy change?

A

the amount of energy per substance

75
Q

what enters the membrane cell in the anode and cathode?

A 
anode = concentrated sodium chloride solution
cathode = water
76
Q

What exits the membrane cell in the anode and cathode?

A 
anode = sodium chloride solution
cathode = sodium hydroxide solution
77
Q

What is the equation for enthalpy change?

A

enthalpy change = enthalpy of products - enthalpy of reactions

78
Q

What is the role of a catalyst?

A

they affect rates of reactions
lowers activation energy
increases the number of successful collisions
increases the rate of reaction

79
Q

What is the definition of standard enthalpy change of hydration?

A

energy released when one mole of ions dissolves in water

80
Q

What is the definition of standard enthalpy change of formation?

A

When one mole of a compound is formed from elements under standard conditions

81
Q

What is the definition of standard enthalpy change of combustion?

A

When one mole of an element/ compound reacts with oxygen under standard condition

82
Q

What is a membrane cell made up of?

A

Polymers

83
Q

What can only pass through the membrane cell?

A

positive ions

H+ ions and Na+ ions

84
Q

What ion cannot pass through the membrane cell?

A

Cl- ions

85
Q

In the membrane cell what is formed at the cathode?

A

sodium hydroxide

86
Q

What is the diaphragm cell made up of?

A

asbestos and polymers

87
Q

Why is the level of brine solution higher at the cathode in the diaphragm cell?

A

so that electrolyte does not flow back

88
Q

In the diaphragm cell, what enters through the anode?

A

sodium chloride

89
Q

In the diaphragm cell, what is produced at the cathode?

A

sodium hydroxide

90
Q

When the solution is produced it becomes contaminated, what does that mean?

A

it is no longer 100% pure with sodium chloride

91
Q

`Is a base a solid or a soluble base?

A

solid

92
Q

Is an alkali a solid or a soluble base?

A

soluble base

93
Q

What is the equation for enthalpy change of combustion?

A

CH4+ O2—-> CO2+ H2O

94
Q

When balancing combustion equations what is the only part that cannot be changed?

A

CH4

95
Q

What are the steps for calculating enthalpy change experimentally

A 
1) measure energy transfer 
energy transferred x SHC x Temp
2) calculate the number of moles of substance
moles= mass/Mr
3)Calculate enthalpy change
= - (energy transferred/ moles)
96
Q

What is the definition for Hess’s law

A

the method for calculating enthalpy change theoretically

97
Q

Draw Hess’s law diagram for combustion

A

google it

98
Q

In Hess law which way do the arrows go for:

a) combustion
b) formation

A

a) down

b) up

99
Q

What are the steps for Hess’s law

A 
1) work out which ways arros go 
(formation or combustion)
2)Write in information on arrows
3) work out what goes at the bottom 
4) construct equation
100
Q

What does the Hall-Heroult process do?

A

extracts allumnia

101
Q

why is alumina dissolved in cryolite in the Hall-Heroult process?

A

because it lowers the melting point

102
Q

What is the Bayer process?

A

Extracting Al2O3

103
Q

What are the stages for Bayer process?

A

1) bauxite is crushed to make grains
2) bauxite is reacted with sodium hydroxide (to remove impurities)
3) iron oxide and titanium oxide are removed by filtration
4) solution crystallizes to form Al (OH3)
5) heat the Al (OH3) to convert it to alumina (Al2O3)

104
Q

What is the definition of a transition metal?

A

when it forms one or more stable ions which have incompletely filled orbitals

105
Q

What are the characteristics for transition metals?

A

incomplete d subshell
variable oxidation states
complex ion formation

106
Q

What are the properties of transition metals?

A

Catalysis

coloured compounds

107
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

positively charged ion surrounded by a number of molecules that are oppositely charged

108
Q

What is a ligand?

A

a molecule with a lone pair of electrons

109
Q

What is a dative bond?

A

When both electrons are donated by one molecule to form a covalent bond

110
Q

Why are transition metals easy to form complex metals?

A

because they are small with a high charge to size ratio

111
Q

Homogeneous catalyst what is the reactants and catalysts like in phase?

A

it can be in one or more oxidation state

112
Q

Heterogeneous catalyst what is the reactants and catalysts like in phase?

A

the catalyst is in a different phase than reactants therefore it can not mix with the reactants

113
Q

Why are transition metals great catalysts?

A
  • they can have variable oxidation states
  • they can be oxidised and reduced
  • they lower the activation energy by providing an alternative route
114
Q

What are the steps for the contact process?

A

1) sulfur dioxide is made
2) sulfur trioxide is made
3) sulfur trioxide is converted into sulphuric acid

115
Q

In the contact process what is the role of vanadium?

A

to act as a catalyst as it can change its oxidation state

116
Q

What does the Haber process do?

A

makes ammonia

117
Q

What are the steps for the Kroll process?

A

1) coke ( a form of carbon), and chlorine are heated together at 900c to form titanium chloride
2) magnesium is used as a reducing agent to form titanium

118
Q

What is the role of a reducing agent?

A

gives electrons to another element.

119
Q

What is a batch process?

A

When the products come out in groups and not continuously

120
Q

What is a continuous process?

A

the product comes out without interruption and not in groups

121
Q

Draw a no barrier cell in the electrolysis of brine?

A

google it

122
Q

Draw a membrane cell in the electrolysis of brine?

A

google it

123
Q

Draw an endothermic reaction

A

google it

124
Q

Draw and exothermic reaction

A

google it

125
Q

Draw a diagphragm cell in the electrolysis of brine

A

google it

Applied Science (3 decks)

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