Biology Flashcards
what is the function of the renal artery?
to deliver oxygenated blood to the kidney
what is the function of the renal vein?
deoxygenated blood will leave the kidney via the veins and travel up towards the heart
5 main parts of the kidneys?
renal artery renal vein cortex medulla ureter
what are the two main functions of the ureter?
- muscular tubes made up if smooth muscle fibres
- transports urine from kidneys to the bladder
what are the 2 main functions of the bladder?
- hollow muscular organ
- collects urine from kidneys before disposal
name the parts of the heart
- superior vena cava
- aorta
- pulmonary veins
- pulmonary artery
- septum
- inferior vena cava
- right and left atrium
- right and left ventricle
what are the 7 main factors of CVD?
being overweight Alcohol Smoking Lack of exercise High blood pressure Diabetes Stress
3 main blood vessels?
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries
What are the characteristics of the capillaries?
- small lumen
- one cell thick
- gas exchange takes place
What are characteristics of the arteries?
smaller lumen
high pressure
carries blood away from the heart
thick muscular wall
what are the characteristics of veins?
large lumen
thin muscular walls
low pressure
delivers blood towards the heart
What are blood types determined by ?
genetics
what are the 4 main blood types?
A
B
AB
O
what are the antibodies for each blood type?
A- B
B- A
AB- n/a
O- A&B
What are the antigens for each blood type?
A-A
B-B
AB- AB
O- n/a
What blood types do A ,B, AB and O accept from?
A accepts from A and O
B accepts from B and O
AB accepts from All
O accepts from O only
What blood types do A, B, AB and O deliver to?
A delivers to A and AB
B delivers B and AB
AB delivers to AB only
O delivers to all blood types
What is the RH factor?
another way a blood is “typed” by
an antigen found in red blood cells
Label and draw the nephron?
efferent arteriole afferent arteriole glomerulus bowman's capsule proximal convoluted tubule descending limb ascending limb distilled convoluted tubule collecting duct
what are the risks of a heart transplant?
immune system rejecting the heart as being “foreign”
the donated heart failing to work properly
what are the benefits of a heart transplant?
people live longer
people can eventually return to normal activities
What is a statin?
type of medication used to lower the cholesterol levels in the blood.
What are the risks of statins?
dizziness
risk of liver or kidney damage
What are the benefits of statins?
reduces the risk of narrowed arteries
helps fight inflammation
What are some examples of high blood pressure medications?
diuretics
beta blockers
what are the pros of high blood pressure tablets?
wide range of medications so a suitable option can be found for each individual
what are the cons of high blood pressure medication?
erection problems
weakness/ fatigue
insomnia
What is the cardiac electrical conducting system
stage 1: impulse generated through the sinoatrial node and into the atria
stage 2: impulse generated at the atrioventricular node allows for the electrical imule to slow down
stage 3: impulse generated down the bundle of His through the ventricular walls and up the purkinje fibres
stage 4:no impulse
What is the cardiac cycle?
Stage 1: atria contracts ventricles relax
atria fills with blood through the sinoatrial node
articular systole ventricular diastole
Stage 2: atria contracts ventricles relax
blood is slowly pushed through the AV valve
ventricular diastole and articular systole
Stage 3: ventricles contract and atria relax semilunar valves open blood is pushed through the pulmonary artery ventricular systole articular diastole
Stage 4;
ventricle and atria relax
Passive filling
Ventricular and auricular diastole
What is surfactant?
substance in the lungs that keeps the lungs open and prevents the lungs from collapsing
What is needed for an efficient exchange surface:
- large surface area of the alveoli
- numerous capillary walls around the alveoli
- thin walls for alveoli and capillaries
- short distance between air and blood
- moist surface area
- surfactant
process of inhaling
air enters the lungs
chest cavity to increase
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
the ribs move up and out
What is the function of the kidney?
filters water products from the blood before turning it into urine
What is a nephron?
a microscopic structure that makes up most of the kidney
What is the function of the Atria?
the first chamber the blood enters through
function of the septum?
separates the two chambers of the heart
what is the function of the bicuspid valve?
to prevent backflow into the left side of the heart
what is the function of the tricuspid valve?
to prevent backflow into the left side of the heart
what is the function of the semilunar valve?
to prevent backflow of blood coming out the right ventricle
what is the function of the vena cava?
carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart
what is the function of the pulmonary vein?
carries oxygenated blood into the heart
what is the function of the aorta?
carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
what is the function of the aorta?
carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
what is the function of the coronary artery?
supplies blood to the heart
what is tidal volume?
normal breathing at rest when inhaling and exhaling
what is vital capacity?
total amount of inhalation and exhalation
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air inhaled after an initial inhalation
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air exhaled after an initial exhilation
what is residual volume?
the volume of air that remains in the lungs after inhaling and exhaling
Describe ultrafiltration?
- Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole
- this causes high pressure in the glomerulus
- the high pressure forces the substance to move into the bowman’s capsule
What is osmoregulation?
the control of water and salt levels in the body which prevents problems with osmosis
What does ADH do?
causes water to be reabsorbed
Where is the ADH produced?
in the hypothalamus (brain)
Where is ADH stored?
pituitary glands
Where does ADH bind to in the process of reabsorption?
binds to receptors on the wall of the collecting duct of the nephrone
What are the steps for ADH?
- hypothalamus detects a low water potential
- ADH is released from pituitary gland
- ADH binds to the collecting duct
- Aquaporins are inserted on the wall of the collecting duct
- This makes the membrane more permeable to water
- As a result more water is reabsorbed back into the body
How is blood pressure maintained? (6 steps)?
1) Renin is released
2) Angiotensinogen hormone is released
3) Renin interacts with angiotensinogen
4) Angiotensin 1 is produced
5) Angiotensin 1 turns into angiotensin 2
6) Angiotensin 2 then causes reactions to occur
What 4 things does angiotensin 2 do?
- causes kidneys to retain salt + water
- in the pituitary gland causes ADH to be released and water is reabsorbed
- smooth muscle in blood vessels contracts, vessels become more narrow
- Adrenal glands, aldosterone is released causes kidneys to retain water
What is the process by which mucin leaves the goblet cell?
exocytosis
state three features of the fluid mosaic model?
- phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
intrinsic proteins
What does the foot process help with in the capillary of the glomerulus?
foot processes make it easier for substances to move from the glomerulus to the bowman’s capsule by creating gaps
If you are Rhesus positive what blood can you accept?
both positive and negative blood
If you are Rhesus negative what blood can you accept?
Negative ONLY
The heart is made of what kind of muscle?
Cardiac muscle
What does myogenic mean?
When the heart can contract on its own
If the contraction of the heart is not synchronised, the heart will be in ?
Fibrillation
What is the small patch of tissue that conducts electrical activity called that is found in the right atrium?
Sinoatrial node
When the atria contracts what is this called
Atrial systole
What is the tissue called that takes waves of energy to the apex of the heart
Purkinje Fibres
Draw an electrocardiogram and label P, QRS and T
google it
What does P stand for in an electrocardiogram?
P = electrical activity in the atria
What does QRS stand for in an electrocardiogram?
QRS = complex electrical activity in the ventricle
What does T stand for in an electrocardiogram?
T = Electrical wave activity during recovery
What is an arrhythmia?
an abnormal heart rhythm
name the 5 types of arrhythmias?
Tachycardia Bradycardia Ventricular Fibrillation Sinus Arrhythmia Flatline
Define Tachycardia? (2)
- An increase in heart rate for no reason (more heartbeats)
- This could be due to not enough blood being pumped around in the body
Define Bradycardia? (2)
- A decrease in heart rate, a very slow pattern
- Causes could be due to blood clots or stagnation
Define Ventricular Fibrillation? (3)
- When the ventricles contract but it is not coordinated causes fluttering of heart rate
- little blood being pumped around
- This is when defibrillation could be used
Define Sinus Arrhythmia? (2)
- An irregular heart rate that is either too fast or too slow
- When breathing in heart rate speeds up and when breathing out heart rate slows down
Define Flatline?
When there is no electrical activity in the heart
Describe the process of reabsorption in the loop of henle? (3 steps)
1) NA+ goes out of the ascending limb
2) this causes an increase in water potential in the descending limb
3) this causes water to travel out of the ascending limb and into the blood in the capillaries
Draw and label the phospholipid bilayer?
What are the three factors that affect permeability of a cell membrane?
- heat
- ethanol
- pH
