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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the renal artery?

A

to deliver oxygenated blood to the kidney

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2
Q

what is the function of the renal vein?

A

deoxygenated blood will leave the kidney via the veins and travel up towards the heart

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3
Q

5 main parts of the kidneys?

A 
renal artery
renal vein
cortex
medulla
ureter
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4
Q

what are the two main functions of the ureter?

A
  • muscular tubes made up if smooth muscle fibres

- transports urine from kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the bladder?

A
  • hollow muscular organ

- collects urine from kidneys before disposal

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6
Q

name the parts of the heart

A
  • superior vena cava
  • aorta
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary artery
  • septum
  • inferior vena cava
  • right and left atrium
  • right and left ventricle
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7
Q

what are the 7 main factors of CVD?

A 
being overweight
Alcohol
Smoking
Lack of exercise
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Stress
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8
Q

3 main blood vessels?

A

Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the capillaries?

A
  • small lumen
  • one cell thick
  • gas exchange takes place
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10
Q

What are characteristics of the arteries?

A

smaller lumen
high pressure
carries blood away from the heart
thick muscular wall

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of veins?

A

large lumen
thin muscular walls
low pressure
delivers blood towards the heart

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12
Q

What are blood types determined by ?

A

genetics

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13
Q

what are the 4 main blood types?

A

A
B
AB
O

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14
Q

what are the antibodies for each blood type?

A

A- B
B- A
AB- n/a
O- A&B

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15
Q

What are the antigens for each blood type?

A

A-A
B-B
AB- AB
O- n/a

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16
Q

What blood types do A ,B, AB and O accept from?

A

A accepts from A and O
B accepts from B and O
AB accepts from All
O accepts from O only

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17
Q

What blood types do A, B, AB and O deliver to?

A

A delivers to A and AB
B delivers B and AB
AB delivers to AB only
O delivers to all blood types

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18
Q

What is the RH factor?

A

another way a blood is “typed” by

an antigen found in red blood cells

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19
Q

Label and draw the nephron?

A 
efferent arteriole
afferent arteriole 
glomerulus
bowman's capsule
 proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb
ascending limb
 distilled convoluted tubule
collecting duct
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20
Q

what are the risks of a heart transplant?

A

immune system rejecting the heart as being “foreign”

the donated heart failing to work properly

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21
Q

what are the benefits of a heart transplant?

A

people live longer

people can eventually return to normal activities

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22
Q

What is a statin?

A

type of medication used to lower the cholesterol levels in the blood.

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23
Q

What are the risks of statins?

A

dizziness

risk of liver or kidney damage

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24
Q

What are the benefits of statins?

A

reduces the risk of narrowed arteries

helps fight inflammation

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25
Q

What are some examples of high blood pressure medications?

A

diuretics

beta blockers

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26
Q

what are the pros of high blood pressure tablets?

A

wide range of medications so a suitable option can be found for each individual

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27
Q

what are the cons of high blood pressure medication?

A

erection problems
weakness/ fatigue
insomnia

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28
Q

What is the cardiac electrical conducting system

A

stage 1: impulse generated through the sinoatrial node and into the atria
stage 2: impulse generated at the atrioventricular node allows for the electrical imule to slow down
stage 3: impulse generated down the bundle of His through the ventricular walls and up the purkinje fibres
stage 4:no impulse

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29
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Stage 1: atria contracts ventricles relax
atria fills with blood through the sinoatrial node
articular systole ventricular diastole

Stage 2: atria contracts ventricles relax
blood is slowly pushed through the AV valve
ventricular diastole and articular systole

Stage 3:
ventricles contract and atria relax
semilunar valves open
blood is pushed through the pulmonary artery
ventricular systole articular diastole

Stage 4;
ventricle and atria relax
Passive filling
Ventricular and auricular diastole

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30
Q

What is surfactant?

A

substance in the lungs that keeps the lungs open and prevents the lungs from collapsing

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31
Q

What is needed for an efficient exchange surface:

A
  • large surface area of the alveoli
  • numerous capillary walls around the alveoli
  • thin walls for alveoli and capillaries
  • short distance between air and blood
  • moist surface area
  • surfactant
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32
Q

process of inhaling

A

air enters the lungs
chest cavity to increase
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
the ribs move up and out

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33
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

filters water products from the blood before turning it into urine

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34
Q

What is a nephron?

A

a microscopic structure that makes up most of the kidney

35
Q

What is the function of the Atria?

A

the first chamber the blood enters through

36
Q

function of the septum?

A

separates the two chambers of the heart

37
Q

what is the function of the bicuspid valve?

A

to prevent backflow into the left side of the heart

38
Q

what is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

to prevent backflow into the left side of the heart

39
Q

what is the function of the semilunar valve?

A

to prevent backflow of blood coming out the right ventricle

40
Q

what is the function of the vena cava?

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart

41
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

carries oxygenated blood into the heart

42
Q

what is the function of the aorta?

A

carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

43
Q

what is the function of the aorta?

A

carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

44
Q

what is the function of the coronary artery?

A

supplies blood to the heart

45
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

normal breathing at rest when inhaling and exhaling

46
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

total amount of inhalation and exhalation

47
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the amount of air inhaled after an initial inhalation

48
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the amount of air exhaled after an initial exhilation

49
Q

what is residual volume?

A

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after inhaling and exhaling

50
Q

Describe ultrafiltration?

A
  • Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole
  • this causes high pressure in the glomerulus
  • the high pressure forces the substance to move into the bowman’s capsule
51
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

the control of water and salt levels in the body which prevents problems with osmosis

52
Q

What does ADH do?

A

causes water to be reabsorbed

53
Q

Where is the ADH produced?

A

in the hypothalamus (brain)

54
Q

Where is ADH stored?

A

pituitary glands

55
Q

Where does ADH bind to in the process of reabsorption?

A

binds to receptors on the wall of the collecting duct of the nephrone

56
Q

What are the steps for ADH?

A
  • hypothalamus detects a low water potential
  • ADH is released from pituitary gland
  • ADH binds to the collecting duct
  • Aquaporins are inserted on the wall of the collecting duct
  • This makes the membrane more permeable to water
  • As a result more water is reabsorbed back into the body
57
Q

How is blood pressure maintained? (6 steps)?

A

1) Renin is released
2) Angiotensinogen hormone is released
3) Renin interacts with angiotensinogen
4) Angiotensin 1 is produced
5) Angiotensin 1 turns into angiotensin 2
6) Angiotensin 2 then causes reactions to occur

58
Q

What 4 things does angiotensin 2 do?

A
  • causes kidneys to retain salt + water
  • in the pituitary gland causes ADH to be released and water is reabsorbed
  • smooth muscle in blood vessels contracts, vessels become more narrow
  • Adrenal glands, aldosterone is released causes kidneys to retain water
59
Q

What is the process by which mucin leaves the goblet cell?

A

exocytosis

60
Q

state three features of the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
    intrinsic proteins
61
Q

What does the foot process help with in the capillary of the glomerulus?

A

foot processes make it easier for substances to move from the glomerulus to the bowman’s capsule by creating gaps

62
Q

If you are Rhesus positive what blood can you accept?

A

both positive and negative blood

63
Q

If you are Rhesus negative what blood can you accept?

A

Negative ONLY

64
Q

The heart is made of what kind of muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle

65
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

When the heart can contract on its own

66
Q

If the contraction of the heart is not synchronised, the heart will be in ?

A

Fibrillation

67
Q

What is the small patch of tissue that conducts electrical activity called that is found in the right atrium?

A

Sinoatrial node

68
Q

When the atria contracts what is this called

A

Atrial systole

69
Q

What is the tissue called that takes waves of energy to the apex of the heart

A

Purkinje Fibres

70
Q

Draw an electrocardiogram and label P, QRS and T

A

google it

71
Q

What does P stand for in an electrocardiogram?

A

P = electrical activity in the atria

72
Q

What does QRS stand for in an electrocardiogram?

A

QRS = complex electrical activity in the ventricle

73
Q

What does T stand for in an electrocardiogram?

A

T = Electrical wave activity during recovery

74
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

an abnormal heart rhythm

75
Q

name the 5 types of arrhythmias?

A 
Tachycardia
Bradycardia 
Ventricular Fibrillation
Sinus Arrhythmia
Flatline
76
Q

Define Tachycardia? (2)

A
  • An increase in heart rate for no reason (more heartbeats)

- This could be due to not enough blood being pumped around in the body

77
Q

Define Bradycardia? (2)

A
  • A decrease in heart rate, a very slow pattern

- Causes could be due to blood clots or stagnation

78
Q

Define Ventricular Fibrillation? (3)

A
  • When the ventricles contract but it is not coordinated causes fluttering of heart rate
  • little blood being pumped around
  • This is when defibrillation could be used
79
Q

Define Sinus Arrhythmia? (2)

A
  • An irregular heart rate that is either too fast or too slow
  • When breathing in heart rate speeds up and when breathing out heart rate slows down
80
Q

Define Flatline?

A

When there is no electrical activity in the heart

81
Q

Describe the process of reabsorption in the loop of henle? (3 steps)

A

1) NA+ goes out of the ascending limb
2) this causes an increase in water potential in the descending limb
3) this causes water to travel out of the ascending limb and into the blood in the capillaries

82
Q

Draw and label the phospholipid bilayer?

A

google

83
Q

What are the three factors that affect permeability of a cell membrane?

A
  • heat
  • ethanol
  • pH

Applied Science (3 decks)

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