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CAPSTONE > Chemistry 70-88 :) > Flashcards

Chemistry 70-88 :) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common method for screening drugs of abuse?

A

Immunoassays

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2
Q

What is protocol for collection of urine for drug testing?

A

Water supply should be turned off in collection area, bluing should be added to toilet water, and patients can’t take coats, purses, etc. into bathroom.

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3
Q

Why should serum separator tubes not be used for most therapeutic drug monitoring assays?

A

Some drugs are affect by contact with some types of gel separator tubes.

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4
Q

What is the role of the medical review officer?

A

To determine cause of positive drug test results and provide counseling

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5
Q

What is the most common anticonvulsant to control seizures.

A

Phenytoin or dilantin

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6
Q

What is the major metabolite of the anticonvulsant primidone?

A

Phenobarbital

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7
Q

Name a drug that relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchial passages and is used for asthma

A

Theophylline

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8
Q

What is the metabolite of theophylline

A

Caffeine

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9
Q

When should blood be drawn for a peak drug level

A

After 5-7 half lives

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10
Q

What are half-lives of drugs?

A

Time required for concentration of drug to decrease by half

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11
Q

When should blood be drawn for a trough drug level

A

Immediately before next scheduled dose

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12
Q

Name 3 anti-arrhythmics

A

Lidocaine, digoxin, and digitoxin

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13
Q

Which antibiotics are monitored by therapeutic drug monitoring?

A

Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, etc.) because they have toxic effects outside the therapeutic range

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14
Q

Which hemoglobin is elevated in the a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

How is lithium measured?

A

Flame photometry, ISE, or atomic absorption

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16
Q

What is lithium used to treat

A

Manic-depressives

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17
Q

What are tumor markers?

A

Constituents of healthy cells that are produced in large quantity by cancer cells

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18
Q

How are tumor markers used clinically

A

They are used to asses the response to cancer treatment and to monitor reoccurrence of the cancer

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19
Q

What is the clinical significance of CEA (cacinoembryonic antigen)?

A

CEA is normally found in fetal tissue and found in patients with colon cancer and other types. CEA is not a screening method for detecting cancer.

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20
Q

What is AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)?

A

A protein produced by the liver of the fetus. It is elevated in patients with liver, testicular, and ovary cancer.

21
Q

What is the role of hCG in the management of cancer?

A

It is used to monitor patients with testicular cancer.

22
Q

What is CA-125?

A

Oncofetal antigen that is sometimes present with ovarian and is used to monitor it.

23
Q

What is PSA (prostate-specific antigen)?

A

A marker for prostate cancer and is the only tumor marker approved for general screening

24
Q

What method is used for testing for tumor-associated antigens?

A

Immunoassays

25
Q

Which methods used in clinical chemistry are photometric methods?

A

Spectrophotometry, fame emission photometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and fluorometry

26
Q

Is light of 340 nm in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared range?

A

Ultraviolet, visible is from 400-700 and infrared is 750-2000 nm

27
Q

What light source is used for work in the visible and near-infrared range?

A

Incandescent tungsten or tungstein-iodide

28
Q

In a spectrophotometer, what isolates light of a specific wavelength from white light?

A

Monochromator which can be filters, prisms, or diffraction gratings. Diffraction gratings are the most commonly used.

29
Q

What is a bandpass on a spectrophotometer?

A

The width of the part of the spectrum that will be isolated by the monochromator. The better the spectrophotometer, the narrower the bandpass.

30
Q

What is the purpose of the photodetector in a spectrophotometer?

A

Convert light energy into electrical energy and sends it to a readout device

31
Q

What is the relationship between %transmittance and absorbance?

A

A = 2 - log %T

32
Q

Why should all the cuvettes used in the series of colorimetric readings be of the same diameter?

A

So the light path through the solutions is the same

33
Q

What type of cuvettes are required for UV and infrared work?

A

Quartz

34
Q

According to Beer’s Law, what is directly proportional to concentration?

A

Absorbance

35
Q

Concentration of unknown = ?

A

Absorbance UNK/ Absorbance of STD X Concentration of UNK/ Concentration of STD

36
Q

What is the main advantage of fluorometry over spectrophotometry?

A

Fluorometry is more sensitive

37
Q

In a fluorometer, how does the light emitted by the specimen differ from the light absorbed?

A

The emitted light is of a longer wavelength

38
Q

Why is the photodetector in the fluorometer placed at right angles to the light source?

A

So that only light emitted from the sample is measured and not light from the light source.

39
Q

What is measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry?

A

Used to measure trace metals and is recommended for lead measuring

40
Q

What is the difference between nephelometry and turbidimetry?

A

Turbidity measures light as it passes through a solution of particles at 180 degrees. Nephelometers measure scattered light at 90 degree angles.

41
Q

What is the most common type of measurement used in today’s chemistry analyzer?

A

Visible and ultraviolet light spectrophotometry, also ISE.

42
Q

What is the name of the component that produces a specific wavelength of light on analyzers that use spectrophotometry?

A

Monochromator

43
Q

What is a random access analyzer?

A

One which allows measurements of a variable number and variety of tests on each specimen.

44
Q

What is the purpose of a bar code label?

A

It provides patient identification and demographics and may also include test orders.

45
Q

What are some mechanisms used on automated analyzers to reduce exposure of the sample to air, evaporation, or loss of CO2?

A

Lid covers for trays and individual caps that can be pierced.

46
Q

What is the purpose of a liquid-sensing probe?

A

It controls the depth that the sample probe goes to allow aspiration of the correct amount while avoiding clogging of the probe with serum separator gel or clot.

47
Q

What are some conditions that can lead to sampling errors on an automated analyzer?

A

Inadequate amount of specimen, fibrin clots, or air bubbles in the bottom of the cup can lead to falsely low value.

48
Q

What is carryover?

A

The unintended transfer of analyze or reagent from one specimen reaction to another.

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