chemistry Flashcards
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3 matter
anything that has matter and takes up space
element
pure substance that can not be broken down by ANY means (ex hydrogen not C02)
3 pure substance
substance that is made up of only one type of particle
can be different elements that are stuck in convalent bonds (a molecule)
3 difference between a element and a pure substance
a elements is a type of pure substance that only has one elements (hydrogen) a pure substance can be either one elements or multiple in one mass of particles
3 mixture
a substance made up of at least 2 different types of particles
3 solution
type of mixture where it looks like only one substance
3 types of mixtures
solution+ mechanical mixture
3 mechanical mixture
mixture where you can see the different substances
compound
pure substance with two or more elements I.E water vapor
particle
a atom that is made up of subatomic particles
11 electron
a negatively charged particle circling around the atoms nucleus
11 neutron
neutral particle locked inside the atoms nucleus
11 proton
positively charged particle locked inside the atoms nucleus
4 physical property
characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition, uses the 5 senses every substance has its own unique set of physical properties= density
4 chemical property
characteristic of a substance that can be determined when the composition in changed and a new substance is produced. ex: reactivity
4 quantitative vs qualitative property
both examples of physical properties quantitative is numbers that describe the substance while qualitative is measured in your 5 senses
6 Particle theory
- particles are always moving
- particles are attracted to each other
- particles move faster and further apart when heated
- particles have tiny spaces between them
- all matter is made up of tiny particles
- all pure substance have the same type of particle
7 states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
7 solid
a substance with closely packed particles that don’t fill up the container and vibrate with each other
7 liquid
a substance that has loosely packed particles and fills the container and no definite shape
7 gas
a substance that fills the container has particles that have a lot of space between them and has no define shape no fixed volume and a low denicty
8 Democritus’ model of the atom
when: in 400 BCE
who: Greek philosopher
what: he proposed that all matter could be divided until a single particle was reached- he called it the atom
he proposed that: atoms are= all different sizes, always moving, separated by empty spaces
8 john Dalton model of the atom
when: 1807
who: English scientist
what: billiard ball m odel
he proposed: all matter is made up of atoms
all atoms in a element are the same
diff element= diff
atoms can be rearranged but never created or destroyed
8 J.J Thompson’s model of the atom
when: 1897
who: some guy
what: plum pudding model
he proposed: that small particles could be emitted by hot materials
they attracted to positive side or things
so they would be negative
called electrons
atoms have electrons
rest of atom is positive
evenly distributed
8 Earnest Rutherford
when: 1907
who: a new Zealand chemist
what: gold foil experiment- he shot small positively charged particles through a piece of foil expecting them to go through, but instead some deflected, by a central mass
he proposed: the nucleus= has a positive charge
most of the mass, small
surrounded by a cloud of electrons
rest in empty space
also that there is a proton in the nucleus with a neutral particle
8 James Chadwick
when: 1932
who: Rutherford’s student
what: found a particle that could disintegrate atoms and have 0 charge
proposed: atom must be empty with a nucleus
nucleus has protons and neutrons
mass of neutron= mass or proton
electrons circle around nucleus
neutral atom has =pro and electrons
8 Neils Bohr
when:
who: Danish scientist
what: electron shells
proposed: there are different orbits for electrons
each electron has a definite amount of energy and the farther from the nuc it is the more energy it has
electrons jump from a higher orbit to a lower they release light
each orbit has a max number of electrons they can hold
8 what is named after bohr and Rutherford
the model of the atom is named after them both, used to explain the properties of the first 20 elements
9 periodic table
table of elements
12 mass number
the number of protons and neutrons in the atoms nucleus
12 atomic number
the number of proton sin a atoms nucleus
icetope
an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
14 alkali metals
what group: 1
example: lithium
description: shiny, silvery, soft, highly reactive,
low density, can float on water
combine easily with other elements and compounds
14 alkaline earth metals
what group: 2
example:
description: shiny, silvery,
not as soft or reactive as alkali metals
they burn bright and colorful like fireworks
14 halogens
what group: 17
example: can be a gas (f,CI) can be a liquid (BR) or a solid (I, AT)
description: very reactive, rarely found in elemental form
often compounds
14 noble gases
what group: 18
example:
description: stable, nonreactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless, glow when a electric current passes through it,
non toxic
10 non metals
elements usually gas or dull powdery solid
not conductible with heat or electricity
makes up the right corner of the PT
10 metals
element that is lustrous, malleable, ductile, conducts heat and electricity
it makes up the left and center of the periodic table
10 metaloids
and element that has properties of a metal and a non metal
found on the bold staircase on the right corner of the PT
9 chemical family
column of elements
have similar properties on the periodic table
as you go down the column shells are added each family has the same number of valance electrons
9 period
Row of elements on the PT
show trends of higher or lower reactivity
as you go from left to right one valance electron is added
each row has the same number of shells
density
density= mass/ volume
means mass per unit of volume
is a physical property
unique for each substance
alloy
solid solutions of two or more metals
used for many purposes
solder is an example
atom
the smallest unit of a element
has subatomic particles inside it
element symbol
abbreviation for the chemical symbol
ex hydrogen= H
valance electrons
the electrons on the outer shell of the atom
can fill up just like the other shells
but can trade or give away with other elements
how atoms combine
atoms combine to become more stable, meaning that they have a full outer shell
can loose gain or share electrons to become stable
how metals and metals combine
when you have two metals you don’t chemically connect them by using electron movement
instead you create an alloy by melting, mixing then solidifying
how metals and non metals combine
metals loose their valance electrons and shed their outer shell because it is now empty
while the non metal gains the few atoms they need and have a now full outer shell
how non metals and non metals combine
there elements don’t give away valance electrons to become full
instead they share the necessary electrons by using a convelent bond creating a molocule
ex: H2O is 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen that are sharing electrons to all become full
ion
a charged atom
cation
a positively charged atom
anion
a negatively charged atom
whmis
workplace hazardous materials information system
hhps
harzardous
household
products
symbols
danger (hhps)
octagon
warning (hhps)
diamond
caution (hhps)
triangle
scull and bones (hhps)
poisonous
fire (hhps)
flammable
pow (hhps)
explosive
hand (hhps)
corrosive
rolling pin (whmis)
compressed gas
fire (whmis)
flammable+ combustible
flame circle (whmis)
oxidizer
bones and scull (whmis)
poisonous and infectious immediate effect+ serious
T with a . (whmis)
poisonous and infectious and other toxic effects
4 circles (whmis)
bio hazardous+ infectious
hands+ pills? (whmis)
corrosive
R with test tube
dangerously radioactive
clarity (pp)
ability to let light through
lustre (pp)
shinny, dull
form (pp)
regular or irregular
texture (pp)
smooth coarse etc
hardness (pp)
ability to be scratched
brittleness (pp)
ability to break apart
malleability
ability to be folded
ductility
ability to be stretched
viscosity
ability to flow or pour
electrical conductivity
ability to let electric current pass through it
