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HESI A2 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Significand

A

Base value of the number

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2
Q

Exponential

A

Multiplier of the significand in powers of ten, the superscript

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3
Q

How many kg is 125lbs?

A

Divide 125lbs by 2.2kg

Correct answer is 56.82kg

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4
Q

How many pints to a liter?

A

2.113 pints

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5
Q

What is the body temperature of the average human in Celsius?

A

37˚C

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6
Q

What is the boiling point and freezing point of water at sea level?

A

100˚C & 0˚C

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7
Q

What is located at the center of an atom?

A

Protons and Neutrons

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8
Q

What 3 parts make up an item?

A

Proton and Neutron at the center and Electrons orbiting around creating an electron cloud.

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9
Q

When an atom is electrically charged it is known as a?

A

Ion or said to be in an ionic state

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10
Q

Atom has a positive charge

A

Cation

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11
Q

Atom has a negative charge

A

Anion

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12
Q

What charge does Groups IA - VIIIA have?

A 
IA: +1
IIA: +2 
IIIA: +3 
IVA: +4 or -4
VA: -3
VIA: -2
VIIA: -1
VIIA: Neutral
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13
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus. Located at the top of individual square in the periodic table

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14
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The average mass of each of that element’s isotopes.

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15
Q

Isotopes

A

Different kinds of the same atom.

Ex. Carbon 14 and Carbon 12

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16
Q

Chemical Equations

A

Ingredients, called reactants, react to produce desired end results or compounds, called products.

Reactants->Products
ReactantsProducts

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17
Q

The Law of Conservation of Mass

A

Mass cannon be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

Equation must be balanced

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state in which reactants are forming products at same rate that products are forming reactants

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19
Q

Four ways to increase reaction rate

A

Increase temperature
Increase surface area
Add a catalyst
Increase concentration of reactants

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20
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances

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21
Q

Solute

A

Part or parts that are being dissolved

Ex. Salt in water

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22
Q

Solvent

A

Part that is doing the dissolving

Ex. Water dissolving the salt

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23
Q

Compounds

A

Mixtures of different elements to create a single matter

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24
Q

Alloy

A

Solid solutions of metals to make a new one

Ex. Copper + tin = Bronze

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25
Amalgams
A specific type of alloy in which a metal is dissolved in mercury
26
Emulsions
Mixtures of matter that readily separate Ex. Water and oil
27
Mole
Known as Avogado’s number 6.02 x 10^23 molecules of something
28
Synthesis Reaction
Two elements combine to form a product Ex. 2K + 2Cl = 2KCl Potassium Choloride
29
Decomposition Reaction
Opposite of synthesis, breaking down a compound Ex. NaCl -> Na + Cl Sodium Chloride -> Ionic solution of sodium, a cation, and chlorine, an anion
30
Combustion Reaction
Self sustaining, exothermic (creates heat) chemical reaction where oxygen and a fuel compound react Ex. See page 225
31
Single Replacement Reaction
Consist of a more active metal reacting with an ionic compound containing a less active metal to produce a new compound Ex. See page 226
32
Double Replacement Reaction
Involves two ionic compounds. The positive ion of one combines with the negative ion of the other Ex. See page 226
33
Chemical Bonding
Joining of one atom, element or chemical to another
34
Ionic Bond
Electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charge ions, or a cation and an anion...metal and nonmetal Taking and giving of an electron completes the outer electron orbits, making both substances very stable
35
Covalent Bond
Formed when two atoms share electrons. Strongest of any type of chemical bond
36
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared equally
37
Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons are not shared equally forcing the concentration of the bond around one atom more than the other
38
Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bonds
The attraction for a Hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element, typically involve fluorine (F), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) 5% - 10% as strong as covalent bonds, Strongest of the intermolecular forces
39
Intermolecular Forces: Dipole-Dipole Interactions
The attraction of one dipole on one molecule for the dipole of another molecule. Created when an electron pair is shared unequally in a covalent bond
40
Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion Forces
Weakest of intermolecular forces
41
Stoichiometry
Deals with the quantities and numeric relationships of the participants in a chemical reaction. Ex. See page 230
42
Redox
Reduction and Oxidation
43
Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
Transfer of electrons from one element to another
44
OIL-RIG
Oxidation is Loss (of an electron) | Reduction is Gain (of an electron)
45
Acid turn blue litmus paper
Red
46
Bases turn red litmus paper
Blue
47
pH for Acids
0-6
48
pH of Bases
8-14
49
Neutral pH
7
50
Radioactivity
The emission of particles and/or energy from an unstable nucleus
51
What are the three types of radiation in nuclear chemistry?
Alpha, Beta and Gamma
52
Alpha Radiation
Emission of Helium Nuclei Stopped by a pierce of paper
53
Beta Radiation
Product of the decomposition of a neutron or proton Stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum foil, lucite or plastic
54
Gamma Radiation
High-energy electromagnetic radiation. Stopped by lead shielding only
55
Half-Life
The amount of time it takes for half of the unstable isotope to decay
56
Biochemistry
The study of chemical process in living organisms
57
Carbohydrates
Stores and provides energy for the body
58
Monosaccharides
Simplest type of carbohydrate Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
59
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined together Ex. Sucrose, lactose
60
Oligosaccharides
Three to Six monosaccharides are joined together
61
Polysaccharide
More than six and up to thousands of monosaccharides joined together Also known as starch Ex. Cellulose (found in plants), Glycogen (found in animals)
62
Glycolysis
Chemical pathway in the body that metabolizes Glucose creates 2 molecules of pyruvate and two adenosine triphosphate
63
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate | Substance cells use for energy
64
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation Further breaks down pyruvate to create more ATP
65
During vigorous exercise what is created and causes burning or cramping
Lactate, an acid produced by anaerobic glycolysis
66
Gluconeogenesis
Liver can make glucose from other noncarbohydrate sources, such as proteins and parts of fats
67
Proteins
Made up of amino acids
68
How many amino acids are needed to make all the proteins necessary for life?
20
69
Two amino acids using a peptide bond is?
Dipeptide
70
Groups of few than 30 amino acids are called
Peptides or Polypeptides
71
Lipids
Fats that encompass large groups of molecule including oils, fats and fatty acids
72
Phospholipids
Essential components of cell membranes The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group.
73
What three groups can natural lipids be classified as
Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated and Saturated
74
What type of fat is more desired in a diet?
Unsaturated
75
Nuclei Acids
Biologic brain of life, telling the cell what it will do and how to do it. Ex. DNA & RNA
76
Double Helix
Two strand of sugar-phosphate that twist around each other like the strand of a rope
77
What are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine
78
What direction do the two phosphate chains run in DNA?
Up and Down: Anti-parallel
79
What are the bases of RNA?
Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine
80
Do Acids accept or donate and what do they accept or donate?
Acids are Proton Donors
81
Do Bases accept or donate and what do they accept or donate?
Bases are proton acceptors
82
Hydronium
A water molecule plus a proton of hydrogen

HESI A2 (4 decks)

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