Chemistry Flashcards
Significand
Base value of the number
Exponential
Multiplier of the significand in powers of ten, the superscript
How many kg is 125lbs?
Divide 125lbs by 2.2kg
Correct answer is 56.82kg
How many pints to a liter?
2.113 pints
What is the body temperature of the average human in Celsius?
37˚C
What is the boiling point and freezing point of water at sea level?
100˚C & 0˚C
What is located at the center of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons
What 3 parts make up an item?
Proton and Neutron at the center and Electrons orbiting around creating an electron cloud.
When an atom is electrically charged it is known as a?
Ion or said to be in an ionic state
Atom has a positive charge
Cation
Atom has a negative charge
Anion
What charge does Groups IA - VIIIA have?
IA: +1 IIA: +2 IIIA: +3 IVA: +4 or -4 VA: -3 VIA: -2 VIIA: -1 VIIA: Neutral
Atomic Number
Number of protons in the nucleus. Located at the top of individual square in the periodic table
Atomic Mass
The average mass of each of that element’s isotopes.
Isotopes
Different kinds of the same atom.
Ex. Carbon 14 and Carbon 12
Chemical Equations
Ingredients, called reactants, react to produce desired end results or compounds, called products.
Reactants->Products
ReactantsProducts
The Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass cannon be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Equation must be balanced
Equilibrium
A state in which reactants are forming products at same rate that products are forming reactants
Four ways to increase reaction rate
Increase temperature
Increase surface area
Add a catalyst
Increase concentration of reactants
Solution
A homogenous mixture of two or more substances
Solute
Part or parts that are being dissolved
Ex. Salt in water
Solvent
Part that is doing the dissolving
Ex. Water dissolving the salt
Compounds
Mixtures of different elements to create a single matter
Alloy
Solid solutions of metals to make a new one
Ex. Copper + tin = Bronze
Amalgams
A specific type of alloy in which a metal is dissolved in mercury
Emulsions
Mixtures of matter that readily separate
Ex. Water and oil
Mole
Known as Avogado’s number
6.02 x 10^23 molecules of something
Synthesis Reaction
Two elements combine to form a product
Ex.
2K + 2Cl = 2KCl
Potassium Choloride
Decomposition Reaction
Opposite of synthesis, breaking down a compound
Ex.
NaCl -> Na + Cl
Sodium Chloride -> Ionic solution of sodium, a cation, and chlorine, an anion
Combustion Reaction
Self sustaining, exothermic (creates heat) chemical reaction where oxygen and a fuel compound react
Ex.
See page 225
Single Replacement Reaction
Consist of a more active metal reacting with an ionic compound containing a less active metal to produce a new compound
Ex. See page 226
Double Replacement Reaction
Involves two ionic compounds. The positive ion of one combines with the negative ion of the other
Ex.
See page 226
Chemical Bonding
Joining of one atom, element or chemical to another
Ionic Bond
Electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charge ions, or a cation and an anion…metal and nonmetal
Taking and giving of an electron completes the outer electron orbits, making both substances very stable
Covalent Bond
Formed when two atoms share electrons.
Strongest of any type of chemical bond
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared equally
Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons are not shared equally forcing the concentration of the bond around one atom more than the other
Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bonds
The attraction for a Hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element, typically involve fluorine (F), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)
5% - 10% as strong as covalent bonds,
Strongest of the intermolecular forces
Intermolecular Forces: Dipole-Dipole Interactions
The attraction of one dipole on one molecule for the dipole of another molecule.
Created when an electron pair is shared unequally in a covalent bond
Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion Forces
Weakest of intermolecular forces
Stoichiometry
Deals with the quantities and numeric relationships of the participants in a chemical reaction.
Ex.
See page 230
Redox
Reduction and Oxidation
Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
Transfer of electrons from one element to another
OIL-RIG
Oxidation is Loss (of an electron)
Reduction is Gain (of an electron)
Acid turn blue litmus paper
Red
Bases turn red litmus paper
Blue
pH for Acids
0-6
pH of Bases
8-14
Neutral pH
7
Radioactivity
The emission of particles and/or energy from an unstable nucleus
What are the three types of radiation in nuclear chemistry?
Alpha, Beta and Gamma
Alpha Radiation
Emission of Helium Nuclei
Stopped by a pierce of paper
Beta Radiation
Product of the decomposition of a neutron or proton
Stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum foil, lucite or plastic
Gamma Radiation
High-energy electromagnetic radiation.
Stopped by lead shielding only
Half-Life
The amount of time it takes for half of the unstable isotope to decay
Biochemistry
The study of chemical process in living organisms
Carbohydrates
Stores and provides energy for the body
Monosaccharides
Simplest type of carbohydrate
Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined together
Ex. Sucrose, lactose
Oligosaccharides
Three to Six monosaccharides are joined together
Polysaccharide
More than six and up to thousands of monosaccharides joined together
Also known as starch
Ex. Cellulose (found in plants), Glycogen (found in animals)
Glycolysis
Chemical pathway in the body that metabolizes Glucose
creates 2 molecules of pyruvate and two adenosine triphosphate
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Substance cells use for energy
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Further breaks down pyruvate to create more ATP
During vigorous exercise what is created and causes burning or cramping
Lactate, an acid produced by anaerobic glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Liver can make glucose from other noncarbohydrate sources, such as proteins and parts of fats
Proteins
Made up of amino acids
How many amino acids are needed to make all the proteins necessary for life?
20
Two amino acids using a peptide bond is?
Dipeptide
Groups of few than 30 amino acids are called
Peptides or Polypeptides
Lipids
Fats that encompass large groups of molecule including oils, fats and fatty acids
Phospholipids
Essential components of cell membranes
The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic “head” consisting of a phosphate group.
What three groups can natural lipids be classified as
Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated and Saturated
What type of fat is more desired in a diet?
Unsaturated
Nuclei Acids
Biologic brain of life, telling the cell what it will do and how to do it.
Ex. DNA & RNA
Double Helix
Two strand of sugar-phosphate that twist around each other like the strand of a rope
What are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine
What direction do the two phosphate chains run in DNA?
Up and Down: Anti-parallel
What are the bases of RNA?
Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine
Do Acids accept or donate and what do they accept or donate?
Acids are Proton Donors
Do Bases accept or donate and what do they accept or donate?
Bases are proton acceptors
Hydronium
A water molecule plus a proton of hydrogen
