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HESI A2 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Significand

A

Base value of the number

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2
Q

Exponential

A

Multiplier of the significand in powers of ten, the superscript

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3
Q

How many kg is 125lbs?

A

Divide 125lbs by 2.2kg

Correct answer is 56.82kg

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4
Q

How many pints to a liter?

A

2.113 pints

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5
Q

What is the body temperature of the average human in Celsius?

A

37˚C

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6
Q

What is the boiling point and freezing point of water at sea level?

A

100˚C & 0˚C

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7
Q

What is located at the center of an atom?

A

Protons and Neutrons

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8
Q

What 3 parts make up an item?

A

Proton and Neutron at the center and Electrons orbiting around creating an electron cloud.

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9
Q

When an atom is electrically charged it is known as a?

A

Ion or said to be in an ionic state

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10
Q

Atom has a positive charge

A

Cation

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11
Q

Atom has a negative charge

A

Anion

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12
Q

What charge does Groups IA - VIIIA have?

A 
IA: +1
IIA: +2 
IIIA: +3 
IVA: +4 or -4
VA: -3
VIA: -2
VIIA: -1
VIIA: Neutral
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13
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus. Located at the top of individual square in the periodic table

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14
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The average mass of each of that element’s isotopes.

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15
Q

Isotopes

A

Different kinds of the same atom.

Ex. Carbon 14 and Carbon 12

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16
Q

Chemical Equations

A

Ingredients, called reactants, react to produce desired end results or compounds, called products.

Reactants->Products
ReactantsProducts

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17
Q

The Law of Conservation of Mass

A

Mass cannon be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

Equation must be balanced

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state in which reactants are forming products at same rate that products are forming reactants

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19
Q

Four ways to increase reaction rate

A

Increase temperature
Increase surface area
Add a catalyst
Increase concentration of reactants

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20
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances

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21
Q

Solute

A

Part or parts that are being dissolved

Ex. Salt in water

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22
Q

Solvent

A

Part that is doing the dissolving

Ex. Water dissolving the salt

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23
Q

Compounds

A

Mixtures of different elements to create a single matter

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24
Q

Alloy

A

Solid solutions of metals to make a new one

Ex. Copper + tin = Bronze

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25
Q

Amalgams

A

A specific type of alloy in which a metal is dissolved in mercury

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26
Q

Emulsions

A

Mixtures of matter that readily separate

Ex. Water and oil

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27
Q

Mole

A

Known as Avogado’s number

6.02 x 10^23 molecules of something

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28
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Two elements combine to form a product

Ex.
2K + 2Cl = 2KCl
Potassium Choloride

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29
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

Opposite of synthesis, breaking down a compound

Ex.
NaCl -> Na + Cl
Sodium Chloride -> Ionic solution of sodium, a cation, and chlorine, an anion

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30
Q

Combustion Reaction

A

Self sustaining, exothermic (creates heat) chemical reaction where oxygen and a fuel compound react

Ex.
See page 225

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31
Q

Single Replacement Reaction

A

Consist of a more active metal reacting with an ionic compound containing a less active metal to produce a new compound

Ex. See page 226

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32
Q

Double Replacement Reaction

A

Involves two ionic compounds. The positive ion of one combines with the negative ion of the other

Ex.
See page 226

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33
Q

Chemical Bonding

A

Joining of one atom, element or chemical to another

34
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charge ions, or a cation and an anion…metal and nonmetal

Taking and giving of an electron completes the outer electron orbits, making both substances very stable

35
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Formed when two atoms share electrons.

Strongest of any type of chemical bond

36
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are shared equally

37
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are not shared equally forcing the concentration of the bond around one atom more than the other

38
Q

Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bonds

A

The attraction for a Hydrogen atom by a highly electronegative element, typically involve fluorine (F), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)

5% - 10% as strong as covalent bonds,

Strongest of the intermolecular forces

39
Q

Intermolecular Forces: Dipole-Dipole Interactions

A

The attraction of one dipole on one molecule for the dipole of another molecule.

Created when an electron pair is shared unequally in a covalent bond

40
Q

Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion Forces

A

Weakest of intermolecular forces

41
Q

Stoichiometry

A

Deals with the quantities and numeric relationships of the participants in a chemical reaction.

Ex.
See page 230

42
Q

Redox

A

Reduction and Oxidation

43
Q

Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

A

Transfer of electrons from one element to another

44
Q

OIL-RIG

A

Oxidation is Loss (of an electron)

Reduction is Gain (of an electron)

45
Q

Acid turn blue litmus paper

A

Red

46
Q

Bases turn red litmus paper

A

Blue

47
Q

pH for Acids

A

0-6

48
Q

pH of Bases

A

8-14

49
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

50
Q

Radioactivity

A

The emission of particles and/or energy from an unstable nucleus

51
Q

What are the three types of radiation in nuclear chemistry?

A

Alpha, Beta and Gamma

52
Q

Alpha Radiation

A

Emission of Helium Nuclei

Stopped by a pierce of paper

53
Q

Beta Radiation

A

Product of the decomposition of a neutron or proton

Stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum foil, lucite or plastic

54
Q

Gamma Radiation

A

High-energy electromagnetic radiation.

Stopped by lead shielding only

55
Q

Half-Life

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the unstable isotope to decay

56
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of chemical process in living organisms

57
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Stores and provides energy for the body

58
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest type of carbohydrate

Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

59
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

Ex. Sucrose, lactose

60
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Three to Six monosaccharides are joined together

61
Q

Polysaccharide

A

More than six and up to thousands of monosaccharides joined together

Also known as starch

Ex. Cellulose (found in plants), Glycogen (found in animals)

62
Q

Glycolysis

A

Chemical pathway in the body that metabolizes Glucose

creates 2 molecules of pyruvate and two adenosine triphosphate

63
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

Substance cells use for energy

64
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Further breaks down pyruvate to create more ATP

65
Q

During vigorous exercise what is created and causes burning or cramping

A

Lactate, an acid produced by anaerobic glycolysis

66
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver can make glucose from other noncarbohydrate sources, such as proteins and parts of fats

67
Q

Proteins

A

Made up of amino acids

68
Q

How many amino acids are needed to make all the proteins necessary for life?

A

20

69
Q

Two amino acids using a peptide bond is?

A

Dipeptide

70
Q

Groups of few than 30 amino acids are called

A

Peptides or Polypeptides

71
Q

Lipids

A

Fats that encompass large groups of molecule including oils, fats and fatty acids

72
Q

Phospholipids

A

Essential components of cell membranes
The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic “head” consisting of a phosphate group.

73
Q

What three groups can natural lipids be classified as

A

Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated and Saturated

74
Q

What type of fat is more desired in a diet?

A

Unsaturated

75
Q

Nuclei Acids

A

Biologic brain of life, telling the cell what it will do and how to do it.

Ex. DNA & RNA

76
Q

Double Helix

A

Two strand of sugar-phosphate that twist around each other like the strand of a rope

77
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine

78
Q

What direction do the two phosphate chains run in DNA?

A

Up and Down: Anti-parallel

79
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine

80
Q

Do Acids accept or donate and what do they accept or donate?

A

Acids are Proton Donors

81
Q

Do Bases accept or donate and what do they accept or donate?

A

Bases are proton acceptors

82
Q

Hydronium

A

A water molecule plus a proton of hydrogen

HESI A2 (4 decks)

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