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HESI A2 > Anatomy & Phisiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Phisiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three planes the body is cut into?

A

Median, Coronal, Transverse

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2
Q

What is the cut along the median plane called?

A

Sagittal Section

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3
Q

What is the cut along the coronal plane called?

A

Frontal Section

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4
Q

What is the cut along the transverse plane called?

A

Cross-Section

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5
Q

Superior

A

Above

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6
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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7
Q

Anterior

A

Facing Forward

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8
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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9
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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10
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline, toward the sides

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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12
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the point of attachment

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13
Q

What are the major body cavities divided into?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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14
Q

Includes the cranial and spinal cavities

A

Dorsal Cavity

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15
Q

Includes the obits, nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Ventral Cavity

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16
Q

The Study of Tissues?

A

Histology

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17
Q

What are the four fundamental tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues

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18
Q

What tissue is the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs?

A

Connective Tissue

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19
Q

What covers, lines and protects he body and its internal organs?

A

Epithelial Cells

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20
Q

What is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia?

A

Nerve Tissue

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21
Q

What as the ability to contract or shorten and is classified as voluntary or involuntary?

A

Muscle Tissue

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22
Q

What are the voluntary muscles?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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23
Q

What are the involuntary muscles?

A

Smooth Muscle and cardiac muscle tissues

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24
Q

What organ is the largest of the body?

A

Skin

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25
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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26
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis, outer to inner?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Germinativum (includes stratum basale and stratum spinosum)

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27
Q

What part of the epidermis does mitosis occur in?

A

Stratum Germinativum

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28
Q

What protects the skin against radiation from the sun and provides skin color

A

Melanin

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29
Q

What type of sweat gland is the most widely distributed to regulate body temperature?

A

Eccrine

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30
Q

What type of secretion do the sweat glands of the armpits and groin display?

A

Apocrine

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31
Q

What type of secretion is Sebum produced by?

A

Holocrine

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32
Q

What are appendages of the swine such as hair and nails composed of?

A

Strong protein called Keratin

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33
Q

What is the term that refers to blood cell formation?

A

Hemopoiesis

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34
Q

What are the five classifications of bones?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones

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35
Q

What is a long bone composed of?

A

Epiphysis at each end (cancellous) spongy bone

Diaphysis (shaft) compact bone

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36
Q

What cells form compact bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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37
Q

What happens to the osteoblasts when they have become fixed in the dense bone matrix?

A

They maintain bone tissue as osteocytes

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38
Q

What consists of the skull, vertebral column, twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum?

A

The Axial Skeleton

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39
Q

What are the bones of the cranium?

A

Occipital, Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, pairs of Parietal, temporal and ossicles of the ear

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40
Q

What are the bones of the ear?

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

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41
Q

What are the five subsections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae in each?

A 
7 Cervical 
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
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42
Q

What is the skeleton called that includes the girdles and the limbs?

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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43
Q

What is the pelvis broken in to?

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

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44
Q

How do muscles produce movement and contraction?

A

A response to nervous stimulation

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45
Q

What is necessary for a muscle cell to contract?

A

ATP and Calcium

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46
Q

What does it mean to be a voluntary muscle?

A

The muscle is under conscious control

47
Q

What reduces the angle at the joint?

A

Flexors

48
Q

What increases the angle at the joint?

A

Extensions

49
Q

What draws the limb away from the midline?

A

Abductors

50
Q

What bring the limb back toward to the body?

A

Adductors

51
Q

What does the Nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves

52
Q

What are the main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, axon and dendrites

53
Q

What transmits the impulse toward the cell body?

A

Dendrites

54
Q

What transmits the impulse away from the cell body?

A

Axons

55
Q

What is CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

56
Q

What is PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

57
Q

What type of neurons transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS?

A

Sensory (afferent)neurons

58
Q

What type of neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS and toward the effector organs?

A

Motor (efferent) Neurons

59
Q

What are they major parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and the Medulla Oblongata

60
Q

Associated with movement and sensory input

A

Cerebrum

61
Q

Responsible for muscular coordination

A

Cerebellum

62
Q

Controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate?

A

Medulla Oblongata

63
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

18 inches long

64
Q

Where do the endocrine system and nervous system meet?

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

65
Q

What governs the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

What are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation and metabolism of specific target cells?

A

Hormones

67
Q

What are the two major groups of hormones?

A

Steroid and Nonsteroid Hormones

68
Q

What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex that reduces inflammation, raises the blood sugar level, and inhibits the release of histamine?

A

Cortisol

69
Q

What type of hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Tropic Hormones

70
Q

What is unique about Tropic Hormones?

A

They mainly act on other endocrine glands

71
Q

What are the 5 tropic hormones?

A 
Somatotropin Hormone (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
72
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin (the labor hormone), Antidiuretic Hormone

73
Q

What does the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?

A

Tells the kidney’s how much water to conserve

74
Q

What does whole blood consist of?

A

55% Plasma and 45% formed elements

75
Q

What are the formed elements of whole blood?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC’s), Leukocytes (WBC’s) and platelets

76
Q

Where are the formed elements of blood produced?

A

Red Bone Marrow

77
Q

What WBC’s are involved in phagocytosis (engulfing particles)

A

Neutrophils and Monocytes

78
Q

What WBC’s are involved in antibody formation?

A

Lymphocytes

79
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood Clotting

80
Q

What is the heart muscle called?

A

Myocardium

81
Q

What initiates a heart beat?

A

Sinoatrial Node

82
Q

What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart referred to as?

A

Systole and Diastole

83
Q

What carries blood to and from the heart?

A

Arteries carry away, veins carry towards

84
Q

Smallest part of arteries?

A

Arterioles

85
Q

Smallest part of veins?

A

Vacuoles

86
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Interstitial Muscles

87
Q

What in the brain controls respiration?

A

Medulla Oblongata

88
Q

What is the upper respiratory tubules lined with that help to trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs?

A

Cilia

89
Q

What is the digestive tube called?

A

Alimentary Canal

90
Q

What does the digestive tube consist of?

A

Mouth Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum and Anus

91
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

A

Liver, pancreas and gallbladder

92
Q

What term refers to chewing?

A

Mastication

93
Q

What enzyme found in saliva starts the digestion of complex carbs?

A

Amylase

94
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer?

A

Mucous Membrane
Submucous
Muscular
Serous

95
Q

What is created in the stomach as the muscles churn the bolus food?

A

Chyme

96
Q

Where does digestion and absorption of food occur?

A

Small Intestines

97
Q

What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

98
Q

What provides an increase in surface area of the small intestinal wall?

A

Villi

99
Q

What are the five portions of the large intestine?

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum

100
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Two Kidneys, Two Ureters, Urinary Bladder and urethra

101
Q

What are the functional units of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

102
Q

Where is the actual filtration process of the kidneys?

A

The glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron

103
Q

What are the two functions of the reproductive system?

A

Production of gametes, production of hormones

104
Q

By what method are gametes formed?

A

Meiosis

105
Q

What controls the production of gametes and hormones in the reproductive system.

A

Tropic Hormones from the pituitary gland

106
Q

What is reproductive activity in women and men?

A

Cyclical in women and continuous in men?

107
Q

Where does spermatozoa develop?

A

The Seminiferous tubules of each testis.

108
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

Epididymis

109
Q

What is the pathway of ejaculation?

A

Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra.

110
Q

What glands provide the semen?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands

111
Q

What is testicular activity under the control of?

A

Two anterior pituitary hormones, FSH and LH

112
Q

During day 14 of the female cycle what occurs?

A

A surge of LH is released from the pituitary, stimulating ovulation

113
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete which further stimulates the development of the endometrium?

A

Progesterone and Estrogen

HESI A2 (4 decks)

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