Anatomy & Phisiology Flashcards
What are the three planes the body is cut into?
Median, Coronal, Transverse
What is the cut along the median plane called?
Sagittal Section
What is the cut along the coronal plane called?
Frontal Section
What is the cut along the transverse plane called?
Cross-Section
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Anterior
Facing Forward
Posterior
Toward the back
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline, toward the sides
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment
Distal
Farther away from the point of attachment
What are the major body cavities divided into?
Dorsal and Ventral
Includes the cranial and spinal cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Includes the obits, nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Ventral Cavity
The Study of Tissues?
Histology
What are the four fundamental tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues
What tissue is the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs?
Connective Tissue
What covers, lines and protects he body and its internal organs?
Epithelial Cells
What is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia?
Nerve Tissue
What as the ability to contract or shorten and is classified as voluntary or involuntary?
Muscle Tissue
What are the voluntary muscles?
Skeletal Muscles
What are the involuntary muscles?
Smooth Muscle and cardiac muscle tissues
What organ is the largest of the body?
Skin
What are the two layers of skin?
Epidermis and Dermis
What are the layers of the epidermis, outer to inner?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Germinativum (includes stratum basale and stratum spinosum)
What part of the epidermis does mitosis occur in?
Stratum Germinativum
What protects the skin against radiation from the sun and provides skin color
Melanin
What type of sweat gland is the most widely distributed to regulate body temperature?
Eccrine
What type of secretion do the sweat glands of the armpits and groin display?
Apocrine
What type of secretion is Sebum produced by?
Holocrine
What are appendages of the swine such as hair and nails composed of?
Strong protein called Keratin
What is the term that refers to blood cell formation?
Hemopoiesis
What are the five classifications of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones
What is a long bone composed of?
Epiphysis at each end (cancellous) spongy bone
Diaphysis (shaft) compact bone
What cells form compact bone?
Osteoblasts
What happens to the osteoblasts when they have become fixed in the dense bone matrix?
They maintain bone tissue as osteocytes
What consists of the skull, vertebral column, twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum?
The Axial Skeleton
What are the bones of the cranium?
Occipital, Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, pairs of Parietal, temporal and ossicles of the ear
What are the bones of the ear?
Malleus, incus and stapes
What are the five subsections of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae in each?
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal
What is the skeleton called that includes the girdles and the limbs?
Appendicular Skeleton
What is the pelvis broken in to?
Ilium, ischium and pubis
How do muscles produce movement and contraction?
A response to nervous stimulation
What is necessary for a muscle cell to contract?
ATP and Calcium
What does it mean to be a voluntary muscle?
The muscle is under conscious control
What reduces the angle at the joint?
Flexors
What increases the angle at the joint?
Extensions
What draws the limb away from the midline?
Abductors
What bring the limb back toward to the body?
Adductors
What does the Nervous system consist of?
Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves
What are the main parts of a neuron?
Cell body, axon and dendrites
What transmits the impulse toward the cell body?
Dendrites
What transmits the impulse away from the cell body?
Axons
What is CNS?
Central Nervous System
What is PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System
What type of neurons transmit nerve impulses toward the CNS?
Sensory (afferent)neurons
What type of neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS and toward the effector organs?
Motor (efferent) Neurons
What are they major parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, Cerebellum and the Medulla Oblongata
Associated with movement and sensory input
Cerebrum
Responsible for muscular coordination
Cerebellum
Controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate?
Medulla Oblongata
How long is the spinal cord?
18 inches long
Where do the endocrine system and nervous system meet?
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
What governs the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
What are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation and metabolism of specific target cells?
Hormones
What are the two major groups of hormones?
Steroid and Nonsteroid Hormones
What hormone is released from the adrenal cortex that reduces inflammation, raises the blood sugar level, and inhibits the release of histamine?
Cortisol
What type of hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Tropic Hormones
What is unique about Tropic Hormones?
They mainly act on other endocrine glands
What are the 5 tropic hormones?
Somatotropin Hormone (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Oxytocin (the labor hormone), Antidiuretic Hormone
What does the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?
Tells the kidney’s how much water to conserve
What does whole blood consist of?
55% Plasma and 45% formed elements
What are the formed elements of whole blood?
Erythrocytes (RBC’s), Leukocytes (WBC’s) and platelets
Where are the formed elements of blood produced?
Red Bone Marrow
What WBC’s are involved in phagocytosis (engulfing particles)
Neutrophils and Monocytes
What WBC’s are involved in antibody formation?
Lymphocytes
What is the function of platelets?
Blood Clotting
What is the heart muscle called?
Myocardium
What initiates a heart beat?
Sinoatrial Node
What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart referred to as?
Systole and Diastole
What carries blood to and from the heart?
Arteries carry away, veins carry towards
Smallest part of arteries?
Arterioles
Smallest part of veins?
Vacuoles
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Interstitial Muscles
What in the brain controls respiration?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the upper respiratory tubules lined with that help to trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs?
Cilia
What is the digestive tube called?
Alimentary Canal
What does the digestive tube consist of?
Mouth Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum and Anus
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
Liver, pancreas and gallbladder
What term refers to chewing?
Mastication
What enzyme found in saliva starts the digestion of complex carbs?
Amylase
What are the four layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer?
Mucous Membrane
Submucous
Muscular
Serous
What is created in the stomach as the muscles churn the bolus food?
Chyme
Where does digestion and absorption of food occur?
Small Intestines
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
What provides an increase in surface area of the small intestinal wall?
Villi
What are the five portions of the large intestine?
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum
What does the urinary system consist of?
Two Kidneys, Two Ureters, Urinary Bladder and urethra
What are the functional units of the kidney?
Nephrons
Where is the actual filtration process of the kidneys?
The glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule of the nephron
What are the two functions of the reproductive system?
Production of gametes, production of hormones
By what method are gametes formed?
Meiosis
What controls the production of gametes and hormones in the reproductive system.
Tropic Hormones from the pituitary gland
What is reproductive activity in women and men?
Cyclical in women and continuous in men?
Where does spermatozoa develop?
The Seminiferous tubules of each testis.
Where do sperm mature?
Epididymis
What is the pathway of ejaculation?
Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra.
What glands provide the semen?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands
What is testicular activity under the control of?
Two anterior pituitary hormones, FSH and LH
During day 14 of the female cycle what occurs?
A surge of LH is released from the pituitary, stimulating ovulation
What does the corpus luteum secrete which further stimulates the development of the endometrium?
Progesterone and Estrogen
