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HESI A2 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

A

23

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2
Q

If 46 chromosomes were donated in a cellular reproduction of mitosis how many chromosomes would the new cell have?

A

46

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3
Q

If human reproduction was by mitosis how many chromosomes would be donated and how many would the resulting new cell have?

A

Each gamete would have 46 and the zygote would have 92

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4
Q

What are the four steps of the the Scientific Method?

A

Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion

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5
Q

What occurs during Observation in the Scientific Method

A

New observations are made and/or previous data are studied

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6
Q

What occurs during Hypothesis in the Scientific Method?

A

Statement or explanation of certain events or happenings

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7
Q

What occurs during Experiment in the Scientific Method?

A

Repeatable procedure of gathering data to support or refute the hypothesis

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8
Q

What occurs during Conclusion in the Scientific Method?

A

The data and its significance are fully explained

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9
Q

What does all life and therefore biology occur in?

A

Water

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10
Q

What is water at a molecular level

A

Two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom

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11
Q

What are the three mentioned benefits of intermolecular bonding of water?

A

High Specific Heat, Cohesion, Adhesion

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12
Q

Specific Heat

A

The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1º Celsius

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13
Q

Cohesion

A

Ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance

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14
Q

Adhesion

A

Ability of water to bond to or attract other molecules or substances

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15
Q

What are the most important molecules with regards to biology?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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16
Q

What is the difference between saturate and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fats contain no double bonds and unsaturated have one or more double bonds

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17
Q

Steroids

A

Component of membranes, but more important, many are precursors to significant hormones and drugs

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18
Q

What is the most significant contributor to cellular function?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What is the largest of the biologic molecules

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Particular types of proteins that act to catalyze different reaction or processes

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

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22
Q

A series of steps where reactions take place is called?

A

Metabolic Pathways

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23
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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24
Q

What are the components of a cell referred to as?

A

Organelles

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25
Q

What is unique of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Lacks a nucleus and does not contain membrane bound organelles

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26
Q

What is unique of eukaryotic cells?

A

Has a membrane enclosed nucleus with membrane-bound organelles

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27
Q

Which is the more complex cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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28
Q

What is contained within the nucleus?

A

DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes

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29
Q

What is the purpose of a chromosome?

A

Contain all of the genetic info for repair and replication of the cell

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30
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

Read RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins

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31
Q

Where are the ribosomes located?

A

Bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and free ones are found in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membranous organelle found attached to the nuclear membrane consisting of two parts

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33
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

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34
Q

Rough ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum covered in ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production

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35
Q

Smooth ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes, detoxifies and metabolizes multiple molecules

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36
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packaging, Processing, and Shipping organelle, transports proteins from the ER throughout the cell

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37
Q

Lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestion, usually an acidic environment (pH of 4.5)

38
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-enclosed structures used for food uptake

39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacuole

40
Q

What two distinct organelles create energy?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Found in Mose eukaryotic cell and are the site of cellular respiration

42
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis

43
Q

What is the most important component of the cell?

A

Cellular Membrane

44
Q

Cellular Membrane

A

Provides protection, communication and the passage of substances into and out of the cell; bilateral of phospholipids; selectively permeable

45
Q

What are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production?

A

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

46
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Produces more energy than fermentation

47
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic method of creating energy

48
Q

What molecule is used as energy for the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

49
Q

What acts as a reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) which is used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP

50
Q

What provides the largest amount of ATP and how much ATP is produced?

A

Electron Transport Chain, 28 - 36 ATP Molecules

51
Q

In what process is a precursor to the glucose molecule?

A

Photosynthesis

52
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

53
Q

Light Reactions?

A

Convert solar energy to chemical energy

54
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

ATP and NADPH are used to produce sugar

55
Q

What two categories do cells reproduce?

A

Sexual and Asexual

56
Q

What are the two types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary Fission and Mitosis

57
Q

Binary Fission

A

Chromosome binds tot he plasma membrane, replicates, cell pinches in two creating two identical cells

58
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cell division

59
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

60
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes separate, duplicate and have two sister chromatids

61
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope begins to disappear, chromosomes attach to spindle forming on axis of the cell

62
Q

Metaphase

A

All chromosomes align along metaphase plate (center of cell)

63
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate, chromatids considered separate chromosomes

64
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes gather on either side of separating cell, this ends mitosis

65
Q

Last process of cell division?

A

Cytokinesis

66
Q

What takes place during cytokinesis?

A

Cell pinches in two forming two separate identical cells

67
Q

How many cells are offspring created from in asexual reproduction?

A

One

68
Q

How many cells contribute towards offspring in sexual reproduction?

A

Two parent cells

69
Q

What type of production provides greater variation in genetic material?

A

Sexual Reproduction

70
Q

What process use utilized with sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

71
Q

What is the process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproductions or against?

A

Meiosis

72
Q

How many stages are there in Meiosis and what are they called?

A

Two; Meiosis I and Meiosis II, this results in four daughter cells

73
Q

How many chromosomes do the daughter cells contain?

A

Half as many as the parent cell

74
Q

What period of meiosis is it where chromosomes duplicate and the cells prepare for division?

A

Interphase

75
Q

There are at least two alternative version of a gene, these are called?

A

Alleles

76
Q

How many types of alleles are there and what are they called?

A

Two; Dominant and Recessive

77
Q

If both alleles are the same type, the organism is said to be?

A

Homozygous

78
Q

If both alleles are different types, the organism is said to be?

A

Heterozygous

79
Q

What type of letter represents a dominant and a recessive trait?

A

Uppercase for Dominant and Lowercase for Recessive

80
Q

What device can be used to predict genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction

A

Punnett Square

81
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity

82
Q

A family tree that traces the occurrence of a certain trait through several generations is called a?

A

Pedigree

83
Q

What is the genetic material of a cell and is the vehicle of inheritance?

A

DNA

84
Q

In what process is a RNA strand, complementary to the original strand of DNA produced?

A

Transcription

85
Q

The RNA strand produced in transcription is also called a?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

86
Q

What acts as the site of translation for the mRNA?

A

Ribosome

87
Q

What is every group of three bases along the stretch of RNA called?

A

Codon

88
Q

The anticodon is located on what unit?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

89
Q

Where is the elongated chain of tRNA ending?

A

Stop Codon

90
Q

When the chain reaches the stop codon what happens?

A

The chain is released into the cytoplasm, and the protein folds onto itself.

HESI A2 (4 decks)

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