Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HESI A2 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If 46 chromosomes were donated in a cellular reproduction of mitosis how many chromosomes would the new cell have?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If human reproduction was by mitosis how many chromosomes would be donated and how many would the resulting new cell have?

A

Each gamete would have 46 and the zygote would have 92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four steps of the the Scientific Method?

A

Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurs during Observation in the Scientific Method

A

New observations are made and/or previous data are studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs during Hypothesis in the Scientific Method?

A

Statement or explanation of certain events or happenings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs during Experiment in the Scientific Method?

A

Repeatable procedure of gathering data to support or refute the hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs during Conclusion in the Scientific Method?

A

The data and its significance are fully explained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does all life and therefore biology occur in?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is water at a molecular level

A

Two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three mentioned benefits of intermolecular bonding of water?

A

High Specific Heat, Cohesion, Adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specific Heat

A

The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1º Celsius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cohesion

A

Ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adhesion

A

Ability of water to bond to or attract other molecules or substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the most important molecules with regards to biology?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between saturate and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fats contain no double bonds and unsaturated have one or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steroids

A

Component of membranes, but more important, many are precursors to significant hormones and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most significant contributor to cellular function?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the largest of the biologic molecules

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enzymes

A

Particular types of proteins that act to catalyze different reaction or processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A series of steps where reactions take place is called?

A

Metabolic Pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the components of a cell referred to as?

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is unique of a prokaryotic cell?
Lacks a nucleus and does not contain membrane bound organelles
26
What is unique of eukaryotic cells?
Has a membrane enclosed nucleus with membrane-bound organelles
27
Which is the more complex cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
28
What is contained within the nucleus?
DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes
29
What is the purpose of a chromosome?
Contain all of the genetic info for repair and replication of the cell
30
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
Read RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins
31
Where are the ribosomes located?
Bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and free ones are found in the cytoplasm
32
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membranous organelle found attached to the nuclear membrane consisting of two parts
33
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
34
Rough ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum covered in ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production
35
Smooth ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes, detoxifies and metabolizes multiple molecules
36
Golgi Apparatus
Packaging, Processing, and Shipping organelle, transports proteins from the ER throughout the cell
37
Lysosomes
Intracellular digestion, usually an acidic environment (pH of 4.5)
38
Vacuoles
Membrane-enclosed structures used for food uptake
39
Phagocytosis
Uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacuole
40
What two distinct organelles create energy?
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
41
Mitochondria
Found in Mose eukaryotic cell and are the site of cellular respiration
42
Chloroplasts
Found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis
43
What is the most important component of the cell?
Cellular Membrane
44
Cellular Membrane
Provides protection, communication and the passage of substances into and out of the cell; bilateral of phospholipids; selectively permeable
45
What are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production?
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
46
Cellular Respiration
Produces more energy than fermentation
47
Fermentation
Anaerobic method of creating energy
48
What molecule is used as energy for the cell
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
49
What acts as a reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) which is used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP
50
What provides the largest amount of ATP and how much ATP is produced?
Electron Transport Chain, 28 - 36 ATP Molecules
51
In what process is a precursor to the glucose molecule?
Photosynthesis
52
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle
53
Light Reactions?
Convert solar energy to chemical energy
54
Calvin Cycle
ATP and NADPH are used to produce sugar
55
What two categories do cells reproduce?
Sexual and Asexual
56
What are the two types of asexual reproduction?
Binary Fission and Mitosis
57
Binary Fission
Chromosome binds tot he plasma membrane, replicates, cell pinches in two creating two identical cells
58
Mitosis
Process of cell division
59
What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
60
Prophase
Chromosomes separate, duplicate and have two sister chromatids
61
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope begins to disappear, chromosomes attach to spindle forming on axis of the cell
62
Metaphase
All chromosomes align along metaphase plate (center of cell)
63
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate, chromatids considered separate chromosomes
64
Telophase
Chromosomes gather on either side of separating cell, this ends mitosis
65
Last process of cell division?
Cytokinesis
66
What takes place during cytokinesis?
Cell pinches in two forming two separate identical cells
67
How many cells are offspring created from in asexual reproduction?
One
68
How many cells contribute towards offspring in sexual reproduction?
Two parent cells
69
What type of production provides greater variation in genetic material?
Sexual Reproduction
70
What process use utilized with sexual reproduction?
Meiosis
71
What is the process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproductions or against?
Meiosis
72
How many stages are there in Meiosis and what are they called?
Two; Meiosis I and Meiosis II, this results in four daughter cells
73
How many chromosomes do the daughter cells contain?
Half as many as the parent cell
74
What period of meiosis is it where chromosomes duplicate and the cells prepare for division?
Interphase
75
There are at least two alternative version of a gene, these are called?
Alleles
76
How many types of alleles are there and what are they called?
Two; Dominant and Recessive
77
If both alleles are the same type, the organism is said to be?
Homozygous
78
If both alleles are different types, the organism is said to be?
Heterozygous
79
What type of letter represents a dominant and a recessive trait?
Uppercase for Dominant and Lowercase for Recessive
80
What device can be used to predict genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction
Punnett Square
81
Genetics
The study of heredity
82
A family tree that traces the occurrence of a certain trait through several generations is called a?
Pedigree
83
What is the genetic material of a cell and is the vehicle of inheritance?
DNA
84
In what process is a RNA strand, complementary to the original strand of DNA produced?
Transcription
85
The RNA strand produced in transcription is also called a?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
86
What acts as the site of translation for the mRNA?
Ribosome
87
What is every group of three bases along the stretch of RNA called?
Codon
88
The anticodon is located on what unit?
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
89
Where is the elongated chain of tRNA ending?
Stop Codon
90
When the chain reaches the stop codon what happens?
The chain is released into the cytoplasm, and the protein folds onto itself.

HESI A2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions