Chemistry Flashcards
Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat it takes to change a solid to a liquid
Heat of Vaporization
The amount of heat it takes to change a substance from liquid to gas
Latent Heat
The heat required to undergo a phase change
Metalloids
Have characteristics of both metals and non metals. They are:
- Limited conduction of electricity and solid phase at standard temp and pressure
- found in stair step pattern from boron to Astatine
- some favor covalent bonds, others ionic
Transition Metals
The middle section of the periodic table
- good conductors of heat and electricity
- less reactive than alkali metals
- high melting points
- tend to form salts when reacting with halogens
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship when temperature is constant.
P1V1 = P2V2
Chemical Equilibrium
When the forward and backward reaction rates are equal. The reaction may continue to proceed forward and backward.
Ideal Gas Law
A gas is composed of molecules that are totally independent of each other and behave ideally
PV = nRT
P= pressure V= volume n= number of moles T= temperature
R is universal gas constant (should be given)
Charles’s Law
The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature
V1 = V2
– —
T1 T2
Combined Gas Law
Uses Charles, Boyles, and Gay-Lussacs Laws combined
(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2
Coulombs Law (equation)
U= k (Q1Q2/d)
Determines magnitude (U) d= distance between 2 charges Q1 and Q2= strengths of 2 charges k= constant
Molarity
Mol solute/ L of solution
Supersaturated
A solution in which more than the maximum amount of solute is dissolved and there is no precipitate
ΔGrxn
Gibbs Free energy of Reaction
If it is positive it is a non spontaneous reaction
If it is negative it is spontaneous
Distillation
A method that is based on a difference in boiling point. Can be used to separate mixtures. (Such as methanol and water)
Amount of heat absorbed
In J
q= (m)(c)ΔT
q is amount of heat absorbed
c is specific heat
ΔT is change in temperature
Strong Acids and Bases
Are completely ionized when dissolved in water
Convection
Tendency of hotter air to rise and cooler air to sink
Buffer Solution
A solution that resists change in pH after small additions of acids or bases.
Dalton’s atomic theory
1- element is comprised of extremely small particles called atoms
2- atoms have identical properties
3- atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed
4- compounds are atoms of different elements
5- numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound
Polyatomic ions
Groups of atoms that bear an electrical charge
Electrolytes
Substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electric current
Common strong acids
HCl HBr HI HNO3 HClO3&4 H2SO4
Common Strong Bases
LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH
Partial pressure of gas
Number moles of gas/ total moles
