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Chemistry > Chemistry 4.5 > Flashcards

Chemistry 4.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

Why is crude oil separated into fractions?

A

Most of the hydrocarbons are useful but they have different purposes. They’re separated into fractions which contain similarly used molecules.

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4
Q

Use of refinery gases

A

Fuel for homecooking

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5
Q

Use of gasoline

A

Fuel for cars

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6
Q

Use of kerosene

A

Fuel for aircrafts

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7
Q

Use of diesel

A

Fuel for lorries, buses (trains)

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8
Q

Use of fuel oil

A

Fuel for ships

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9
Q

Use of bitumen

A

Making roads

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10
Q

Order of fractions in fractional distillation (start from top)

A

Refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

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11
Q

Trend in colour for the fractions

A

Gets darker as you go down (refinery gases are the lightest)

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12
Q

Trend in boiling point for the fractions

A

Boiling point increases as you go down the group (refinery gases have lowest boiling point, hence why they are gases)

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13
Q

Trend in viscosity for the fractions

A

Viscosity increases as you go down the group (bitumen is the most viscous)

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14
Q

What happens as RFM of fractions increases?

A

Boiling point increases, viscosity increases, colour gets darker

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15
Q

Describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions

A
  1. Heated crude oil vapours enter the column.
  2. Vapours rise until they reach their boiling point, when they condense.
  3. Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points.
  4. Similar vapours condense together as a fraction.
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16
Q

What is used to separate crude oil into fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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17
Q

What are fractions?

A

Mixtures containing hydrocarbons that boil in a particular temperature range

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18
Q

How does the temperature differ in the fractionating column

A

Hotter at the bottom, colder at the top (this links to the fractions boiling points)

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19
Q

Mnemonic for remembering order of fractions

A

Random Gases Kill During Furious Battles

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20
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons that fit the general formula Cn H2n+2

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21
Q

Formula of methane

A

CH4

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22
Q

Formula of ethane

A

C2H6

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23
Q

Formula of propane

A

C3H8

24
Q

Formula of butane

A

C4H10

25
Q

Formula of pentane

A

C5H12

26
Q

Formula of hexane

A

C6H14

27
Q

Alkanes are homologous, what does that mean?

A

They have similar chemical reactions, trends in physical properties and they all have the same general formula.

28
Q

General formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

29
Q

Equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

30
Q

Products of incomplete combustion of alkanes

A

Carbon monoxide and soot

31
Q

Describe the negative effects of the products of incomplete combustion of alkanes

A

Carbon monoxide - lowers the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Soot - causes lung disease

32
Q

What are the main pollutants formed from the combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulphur dioxides
Carbon monoxide

33
Q

How is nitrogen oxide formed by the (complete) combustion of alkanes and what are the problems?

A

In car engines, the high temperatures allow nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react, forming nitrous oxides. When nitrous oxides dissolve in rainwater, they form acid rain.

34
Q

How is sulphur dioxide formed by the (complete) combustion of alkanes and what are the problems?

A

When sulphur impurities in the hydrocarbon fuel combust, sulphur dioxide is formed. When dissolved in rainwater, it forms acid rain.

35
Q

How is carbon dioxide formed by the (complete) combustion of alkanes and what are the problems?

A

Formed directly from the combustion of alkane fuel. A greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.

36
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated and why?

A

Saturated, there are no double bonds

37
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties

38
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated and why?

A

Unsaturated, they contain a double carbon-carbon bond

39
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

Cn H2n

40
Q

Define isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

41
Q

What would you call an isomer of butene that has a double bond in the middle/that starts in position 2

A

But-2-ene

42
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

Carbon-carbon double bond

43
Q

Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes and why?

A

They can make more bonds with other atoms by opening up the double carbon-carbon bond

44
Q

What type of reaction is the reaction between bromine and alkenes?

A

Addition reaction

45
Q

What is formed when alkenes and bromine react?

A

dibromoalkanes are formed (double carbon bond is broken)

46
Q

What happens when bromine water is added to an alkane

A

It remains orange coloured

47
Q

What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?

A

The solution decolourises as it no longer contains free bromine (bromine atoms add across the double carbon bond)

48
Q

What happens when a halogen and an alkene react?

A

Same as reaction with bromine, halogen atoms always add to the carbon atoms across the double carbon bond

49
Q

How are addition polymers formed?

A

From monomers containing double carbon bonds. Double carbon bond of the monomer breaks and the monomer forms a single covalent bond with an adjacent monomer.

50
Q

Why are addition polymers hard to dispose of?

A

They are unreactive and chemically inert so they don’t biodegrade. This is because of strong carbon bonds

51
Q

What is the problem with incinerating polymers?

A

They releases a lot of energy when burnt as well as producing carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas contributing to climate change)
Polymers containing chlorine release toxic hydrogen chloride gas when burnt.
If incinerated with incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide will be produced

52
Q

What conditions are required for the reaction of alkanes and bromine?

A

UV light

53
Q

What type of reaction is alkane and bromine?

A

Substitution

54
Q

What catalysts are used for cracking?

A

Alumina/silica

55
Q
A

Chemistry (14 decks)

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