Chemistry 4.1.1. Flashcards
Curly arrow
represents the movement of an electron pair, showing either heterolytic fission or the formation of a covalent bond.
Displayed formula
the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.
Empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Functional group
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound. E.g.-OH.
General formula
the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. E.g. alkane- CnH2n+2.
Heterolytic fission
the breaking of a covalent bond, forming a cation and an anion, by one atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair. E.g. H3C-Cl —> H3C+ + Cl-.
Homologous series
a series of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and with each successive member differing by -CH2.
Homolytic fission
the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. E.g. CL2 –> 2Cl●
Hydrocarbon
compound/molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only.
Initiation
the creation of 2 radicals.
Molecular formula
the number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Propagation
the reaction between radicals and molecules.
Reforming
converting straight chain hydrocarbons into rings/ cyclic compounds.
Saturated
single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds only.
Skeletal formula
the simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just ca carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Structural formula
the minimal details that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Structural isomer
compounds or molecules having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Termination
radicals reacting together to form molecules.
Unsaturated
the presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds, including C=C, C≡C and aromatic rings.
