Chemistry Flashcards
New chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken
Chemical reaction
Breaks a molecule into smaller fragments
Decomposition reaction
Opposite of decomposition, assembles larger molecules from smaller ones
Synthesis reaction
A part of the reacting molecules are shuffled around
Exchange reAction
Catalyst that speeds up a reaction
Enzymes
Small molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic compounds
Molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen
Organic compounds
Chemical bonds created by electrical attractions between anions and cations
Ionic bonds
Uniform mixture of solvent and dissolved solutes
Solutions
Compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions
Buffers
Normal pH for humans with little margin one way or the other for survivability
7.35-7.45
Smallest, stable unit of matter
Atom
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Mass number
How can unfilled outer electron shells achieve stability?
By sharing, gaining, or losing electrons through chemical reactions with other atoms
Chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons
Molecules
Any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements
Compound
Ions with a positive charge are called _____ and ions with a negative charge are called _____
Cations, anions
The sharing of one pair of electrons creates a ______ bond
Single covalent
In most covalent bonds the atoms remain electrically neutral because the electrons are shared equally. Such bonds are called ______
Non polar covalent bonds
An unequal sharing between atoms of different elements creates a ______ bond
Polar covalent
The attraction between water molecules at a free surface slows the rate of evaporation and creates the phenomenon known as ______
Surface tension
Lines the alveoli and smallest bronchioles, Reduces surface tension throughout the lung….this complex chemical substance contains phospholipids and a number of Glycoproteins and is produced by the type II alveolar cells
Surfactant
Another word for condensation, this is the formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water
Dehydration synthesis
Synthesis of new compounds in the body
Anabolism
Enzymes belong to a class of substances called _____, which are compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves bring permanently changed
Catalysts
Reactions that release energy
Exergonic
If more energy is required to begin a reaction than is released as it proceeds, it will absorb energy as a whole. This is a ______ reaction
Endergonic
The essential elements and molecules that are obtained from the diet
Nutrients
Any substance that breaks apart in solution to release hydrogen ions. A strong form of this dissociates in Solution completely
Acid
Substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution. Dissociates completely in solution
Base
Ionic compound that consists of any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion
Salt
The most important source of energy, an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1
Carbohydrate
Most important metabolic fuel in the body
Glucose
A simple sugar, or ______, is a carbohydrate that contains from three to seven carbon atoms
Monosaccharide
These larger carbohydrate molecules result when repeated dehydration synthesis reactions add additional monosaccharides or disaccharides
Polysaccharide
Also known as animal starch, polysaccharide that is composed of interconnected glucose molecules
Glycogen
Long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms that end in a carboxylic acid group
Fatty acids
Proteins are long chains of organic molecules called _____
Amino acids
Measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a given solution
pH
The four nitrogen based molecules found in DNA
Adenine. Guanine, thymine, and cytosine
