Chemistry. Flashcards
Matter exists in three basic forms:
- Solids - weight, volume, shape
- Liquids - weight, volume
- Gases - volume
What form of matter is hair?
Solid
*hair is comprised of two solids (carbon and sulfur) and three gases (hydrogen, nitrogen & oxygen)
What is the most abundant element on earth?
Oxygen
What is the second most abundant element on earth?
Hydrogen
A change in the physical characteristics of a substance without creating a new substance
i.e. Water freezing into ice
Physical change
A change in a substance that creates a new substance with chemical characteristics different from those of the original substance
i.e. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to create water
Chemic change
All matter that is now living or was alive at one time; carbon present
i.e. Plants and animals
Organic chemistry
Studies all matter that is not alive, has never been alive and does not contain carbon
i.e. Rocks, water, minerals
Inorganic chemistry
There are how many known elements in nature?
92 elements
Basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Elements
Atoms that are identical to each other form an:
Element
The molecule formed when different elements are joined together chemically is called a?
Compound
The smallest complete unit of an element is an:
Atom
Elements found in hair include?
COHNS:
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen & Sulfur
Has a positive energy in an atom
Located inside the nucleus
Proton
Have no charge in an atom; determines weight of atom
Located inside the nucleus
Neutron
Has a negative charge in an atom; sometimes makes it possible for atoms to unit with other atoms to form a bond
Located outside the nucleus
Electrons
Which is the simplistic atomic structure?
Hydrogen
Two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond is a?
Molecule
How many common amino aside are there?
22
The atomic number of an atom indicates the number of what in the nucleus?
Protons
The number of electrons oxygen has orbiting its nucleus is?
8
What is an unstable atom missing in its outer shell?
Electrons
Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
They join together in chains to become proteins which provide the chemicals the body needs for growth and repairing tissues
Amino acids
Hair is primarily composed of?
97% keratin protein
3% trace minerals
The backbone of all protein molecules
Forms when 2 amino acid ends join
Peptide bond
OR end bond
What type of bonds are individually very weak?
Can be easily broken by heat or water
Hydrogen bonds
*about 35% of hair’s strength is due to millions of hydrogen bonds
Name the four types of side bonds:
Hydrogen bond
Salt bond
Disulfide bond
van der Waal’s forces
Unlike charges attract to help organize protein chains
35% of hairs resistance to change; not exactly strong
Salt bonds
The most important side bond a cosmetologist had to be concerned with
Contains sulfur, chemical change
Disulfide bonds
The theory that atomic groups prefer an environment with other groups that have similar structures
van der Waal’s Theory
A unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral or alkaline
pH (potential hydrogen)
Only solutions that contain what can have an acidic or alkaline nature?
Water or dissolvable in water
When a solution has an equal number of hydrogen (positive ions) and hydroxide (negative ions) ions it is?
Neutral
Ranges from 0-14 0 - acidic 7 - neutral 14 - alkaline Logarithmic - each step/number increases by multiples of 10
pH Scale
A pH of 5 is how many times acidic than a pH of 6?
10 times
The pH of skin, hair and scalp is in the following range:
4.5-5.5
A mixture of two or more kinds of molecules evenly dispersed would be?
Solution
A solute mixed in a solvent that tends to separate if left standing is a:
Suspension
A substance that is able to dissolve another substance is called a:
Solvent
These are formed when two or more non-mix able substances are united with help of a binder
Emulsions
Mixtures of organic substances and a medicinal agent (usually in semi-solid form)
Ointments
Mixtures of days and oils concerted to fatty acids by heat and then purified
Soaps
Equal mixture of inorganic and organic substances that do not dissolve in water and that have been sifted and mixed u too free of coarse gritty particles
Powders
Which type of hair usually needs to be shampooed more often
Oily
What type of conditioners contain hydrolyzed animal proteins and are recommended for dry, brittle hair that has been mechanically or chemically damaged
Moisturizing
The purpose of a neutralizer is?
Restores disulfide bonds
Most ingredients for conditioners are proteins derived from?
Veggie & animal materials
What is the most common oxidizing agent used in Hair coloring and in hair lightening?
Hydrogen peroxide
Most shampoo is water-based and contains an ingredient called
Surfactant
(Cleansing agent)
Can remove oil form the hair
The water-loving part of a molecule:
Hydrophilic
The oil-loving part of a molecule
Lipophilic
The purpose of a waving lotion is to break down
Disulfide bonds
An acid rinse (pH 2-3) designed to dissolve soap scum, untangle and separate hair and add sheen is a
Vinegar and lemon rinse
What type of colors penetrate the cuticle layer of the hair and last through several shampoos?
Semi-permanent (6-8 shampoos)
What does dimethicone do in some conditioners?
Gives softness to the feel of hair without weighing it down (silicone form)
Anything that occupies space
Matter
