Chemistry Flashcards
Water use controlled by the actual end user
Direct water use
No fixed volume or shape
Gas
Definite volume but no fixed shape
Liquid
Fixed volume and fixed shape
Solid
Water found on top of the ground
Surface water
Water collected underground in porous rock
Ground water
Separating liquid substances based on differences in their boiling points
Distillation
Separating solid particles from a liquid by passing the mixture through a material that retains the solid particles
Filtration
Water changing from a liquid to a gas state, leaving impurities dissolved in it behind
Evaporation
Properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance
Physical properties
Physical properties
Density Color Melting point Taste Odor Boiling point
Contains relatively larger particles that settle out
Suspension
Contains particles large enough to reflect light but too small to settle out
Colloid
Contains particles uniformly spread throughout too small to reflect light or settle out
Solution
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
The smallest particle possessing the properties of an element
An atom
Matter that is made up of only one kind of atom
Element
A substance composed of atoms of two or more elements
Compound
The smallest individual particle of a compound that retains the properties of that compound
Molecule
The starting substances in a chemical equation
Reactants
The substances formed in a chemical equation
Products
Like charges
Repel
Unlike charges
Attract
Are positively charged and found in the nucleus
Protons
Are negatively charged and found in the electron cloud
Electrons
Have no charge and found in the nucleus
Neutrons
For any atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of
Electrons
An atom that has lost or gained an electron and thus has a charge
Ion
Heterogenous mixtures _____ have a uniform composition
Do not
Homogenous mixtures _____ have a uniform composition
Do
Substances that will not dissolve in water noticeably
Insoluble
Contains more solute than could usually be dissolved at that temperature
Supersaturated
Contains less dissolved solute than the amount that the solvent can normally hold at that temperature
Unsaturated
Contains the maximum amount of solute that would normally dissolve at that temperature
Saturated
The dissolving agent
Solvent
The substance that gets dissolved
Solute
As temperature increases gas solubility
Decreases
As temperature increases solid solubility
Increases
Water molecules are said to be ______ which means that they have an uneven distribution of electrical charge. One end of the molecule has a partial ______ charge and the other end has a partial ______ charge.
Polar
Positive
Negative
“like dissolves like” means that polar water molecules are attracted to other _____ substances. The water molecules ______ charged end is attracted to go the crystal ______ and vice versa .
Polar
Negatively
Cations
Soft metal used at one time for paint and water pipes. It’s a concern to our health.
Lead
Metal that is liquid at room temp. can be absorbed through the skin. A concern to our health.
Mercury
pH values greater than 7.0 have OH- ion
Basic
pH values less than 7.0 have H+ ion
Acidic
pH value is 7.0
Neutral
What are ionic compounds composed of ?
a metal and a nonmetal
Ionic compounds are formed from the _____ of electrons which forms positive and negative ions
Transfer
Molecules are composed of two or more ______.
Nonmetals
Molecules are composed from the _____ of electrons
Sharing
As pressure of gas ___ solubility increases
Increases
Removes nearly all dissolved substances
Evaporation
Breaks down organic contaminants deposited by living creatures into simple compounds
Bacteria
Sand and gravel help to remove suspended matter
Filtration
Is added to protect water from bacterial infestation
Chlorine
Is added to help reduce tooth decay
Fluoride
Name three types of hard water ions
Magnesium
Calcium
Iron
Hard water ions _____ with the cleaning action of soap
Interfere
In a water softener, the resin helps to soften water by exchanging the hard water ions for _____ ions
Sodium
In a ___ change, the material remains the same, although it’s form appears to have changed.
Physical
In a ___ change, a substance changes into one or more new substances.
Chemical
name the 5 indications that a chemical reaction has taken place
Formation of a precipitate Evolution of a gas Change in temperature Change in color Production of light Formation of an oxide
A horizontal row of the periodic table
Period
A vertical column of the periodic table
Family
Elements with similar properties are in the same
Family
Noble gas family contains elements that are
unreactive
How am atom interacts with other is governed largely by the number and arrangement of the atoms
Electrons
Metals tend to ____ their outermost electrons.
Lose
Nonmetals tend to ____ electrons
Gain
If an atom loses an electron it becomes a cation with a ____ charge
Positive
Contains gases like N2, O2, CO2, and Ar
Atmosphere
Contains H2O and dissolves minerals
Hydrosphere
Contains petroleum and metal bearing ores
Lithosphere
The resources of the earth are ____ uniformly distributed
Are not
A ____ active metal will replace a ____ active metal in a compound
More
Less
The more active metals are the ____ it is to separate from an ionic compound than the less active metals are
Harder
Water consumed in the preparation, production, or delivery of goods and services
Indirect water use
____ refers to any chemical change where a reactant gains one or more electrons
Oxidation
____ refers to any chemical change where a reactant loses one or more electrons
Reduction
Using an electric current to supply electrons to metal ions, thus reducing them
Electrometallurgy
Treating metals and their ores with heat. Carbon or carbon monoxide are used as reducing agents
Pyrometallurgy
Treating ores and other metals containing materials with reactants in a water solution
Hydrometallurgy
In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor _____
Destroyed
The term _____ represents a number of atoms or molecules large enough to be weighed in grams
Mole
____ resources are those that can eventually be replenished by natural processes
Renewable
We are in danger of exhausting our supplies of copper because copper atoms are being ___ in the environment
Scattered
An ____ refer to different forms of an element that each have distinctly different chemical or physical properties, for example, graphite, diamonds, and fullerenes
Allotrope
An ____ refers to a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals. An example is brass, which is made from ____ and _____
Alloy
Copper
Zinc
Superconductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct and electric current without any electrical ______
Resistance
Electroplating is a result of a ____ reaction when a coating of metal atoms is deposited by the reducing meat ions form an electroplating solution
Redox
Crude oil is a ____ of many molecules of different sizes. Separating it into compounds of similar sizes is accomplished through the process of ____. This works because molecules of different sizes have different _____ points.
Mixture
Fractional distillation
Boiling
Name the two major roles of petroleum
Building
Burning
Valence electrons are electrons in the _____ zone
Outermost
Kernel or core electrons are in the _____ zones
Inner
Covalent bonds form as a result of atoms _____ pairs of electrons to form outer zone octets
Sharing
Ionic bonds form between atoms when the ____ of electrons has occurred
Transfer
When an atom has ____ electrons in its outer zone it is stable and unreactive
8
____ gases are stable because they have complete outer zones of electrons
Noble
Isomers are molecules that have identical molecular ____ but different arrangements of atoms
Formulas
As the number side chains of an isomer increases, the boiling point ____
Decreases
As the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule increases the boiling point ____
Increases
Name the two most abundant gases in the troposphere
Nitrogen and oxygen
As altitude increase air pressure ____
Decreases
As altitude increases, temperature ______
Does not follow a predictable pattern
What is the formula that determine pressure
Force / area
As force increases, the resulting pressure _____
Increases
As area increases, the resulting pressure ___
Decreases
Gas ____ is caused by gas molecules colliding with the wall of the container they are in
Pressure
As pressure increases, the volume of gas inside a container like a syringe ____ proportionally
Decreases
If you double the kelvin temperature of s has sample, the volume ____
Doubles
