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Chemistry > Chemistry 3 - Rates, Equilibrium and Organic Chemistry (C8 - C11) > Flashcards

Chemistry 3 - Rates, Equilibrium and Organic Chemistry (C8 - C11) Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate the rate of a reaction?

A

Measure the amounts of reactants being used up or products being made over time.

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2
Q

How do you find the rate of reaction from a graph?

A

The gradient

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3
Q

How do you find the rate of reaction at any given point on a graph?

A

The tangent about the point.

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4
Q

What is the minimum amount of energy required by particles to react called?

A

Activation energy

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5
Q

Why does increasing the temperature of a reaction increase its speed?

A

Because there is more kinetic energy in the particles, making a larger amount of collisions between them.

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6
Q

What is a method other than temperature of increasing the rate of the reaction by increasing the number of collisions?

A

Increasing the concentration of the reactants.

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7
Q

How does a Catalyst speed up the rate of a reaction?

A

They provide an alternate route for the reaction to take place, decreasing the activation energy.

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8
Q

How does a reversible reaction work?

A

The products of the reaction can react to make the original reactants.

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9
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction where the overall energy change is a decrease, energy is given out to the surroundings. A reaction where the energy required to make bonds is less than that required to break them.

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10
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction where more energy is required to make bonds than is required to break them, as energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

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11
Q

What is an equilibrium?

A

A reversible reaction in a closed system where the forward and backward reactions are happening at the same rate.

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12
Q

What happens if you increase the temperature in an equilibrium reaction?

A

The reaction will favour the endothermic side, which takes in heat, and the rate of this reaction will increase.

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13
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of many different compounds, most of which are hydrocarbons.

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14
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

A compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms in a covalent bond chain.

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15
Q

What are alkanes?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon. They contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible in their molecules.

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16
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

It does not have a double bond. They contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible in their molecules.

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17
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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18
Q

What is volatility?

A

The tendency to turn into gas.

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19
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How thick it is.

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20
Q

Which fractions make better fuels?

A

Lighter because they ignite more easily and burn well, with cleaner (less smoky) flames.

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21
Q

How do you separate crude oil into separate fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

22
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour

23
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon Monoxide and Water Vapour

24
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking a mixture of hydrocarbons up into two or more Alkenes

25
Q

What is the difference between cracking and Fractional distillation?

A

The difference is that cracking involves breaking bonds while fractional distillation is just separation of hydrocarbons.

26
Q

What is formed in complete combustion of an alkene?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

27
Q

How do alkenes react with halogens, hydrogen and water?

A

By adding atoms across the C=C bond, forming a saturated molecule.

28
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

29
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

30
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

31
Q

What is the main alcohol used in alcoholic drinks?

A

Ethanol

32
Q

What are two examples of the uses of alcohols?

A

Any two from:

  • Solvents
  • Fuels
  • Disinfectant (medical equipment)
  • Mouth wash
33
Q

What is produced when alcohols burn? (Two substances)

A

Carbon dioxide and Water

34
Q

What solution is formed when alcohols react with sodium metal? (And what gas is given off)

A

Sodium alkoxide solution.

Hydrogen gas is given off.

35
Q

What is the process by which ethanol can be turned to ethanoic acid?

A

Oxidation

36
Q

How does oxidation of ethanol work?

A

An oxidising agent (which contains oxygen atoms) is mixed with ethanol which reacts to form ethanoic acid and water.

37
Q

What happens (visibly) when carbonates are put in solutions of carboxylic acids.

A

They gently fizz on the release of carbon dioxide gas.

38
Q

How are Esters formed?

A

By reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst.

39
Q

Name 2 characteristics of Esters

A
  • Volatile

- Fragrant (Used in flavourings and perfumes)

40
Q

What are polymers?

A

Huge molecules made from lots of small molecules joined together called “monomers”.

41
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The reaction between alkene monomers to form a polymer is called addition polymerisation.

42
Q

What is the reaction between alkene monomers to form a polymer called?

A

Addition polymerisation.

43
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

(Answer in progress)

44
Q

What are polyesters?

A

(Answer in progress)

45
Q

How are polyesters formed?

A

The condensation polymerisation of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid, with H2O given off in the reaction.

46
Q

Give 2 examples of natural polymers

A
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Proteins
47
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids.

48
Q

What monomer is DNA made of?

A

Nucleotides

49
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

50
Q

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

A

Two polymer strands (with sugars bonded to phosphate groups) intertwined into a double helix)

Chemistry (19 decks)

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