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.Chemistry - Nilay > Chemistry 2019 > Flashcards

Chemistry 2019 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the kinetic theory of ideal gas

A

1) Gases are made of particles in constant random motion
2) The particles move very fast and collide with eachother and the walls of their container with perfectly elastic collisions
3) The particles are negligible in size when compared with the space between them
4) There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the particles
5) The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the temperature of the gas

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2
Q

If the number of gas particles in a container doubles, the gas pressure is _____________

A

doubled

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3
Q

If the temperature in a fixed volume container is increased, the gas pressure _______________

A

increases

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4
Q

What are exceptions to the kinetic theory of ideal gas

A
  • At high pressures of gas, the particles are very close together, the volume has to be considered, the intermolecular forces are strong enough to affect the collisions against the container therefore reducing pressure
  • at very low temperatures the gas particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between them as they’re moving slowly
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5
Q

What is brownian motion

A

The random motion of particles in liquids and gases

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6
Q

What is diffusion

A

The random movement of liquid and gas molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

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7
Q

What are 3 chemical factors affecting rate of diffusion

A
  1. molecular mass - heavier molecules diffuse slower\
  2. temperature - higher temperature increases rate of diffusion
  3. Concentration gradient - the difference in concentration between the two regions
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8
Q

Use and example use of filtration

A

Insoluble solid from liquid or solution

Sand/ Seawater

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9
Q

Use and example use of Decanting

A

Two substances, one denser and insoluble in the other
Petrol/ water
seawater/ sand

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10
Q

Use and example use of evaporation

A

non-volatile solid from volatile liquid

salt/ seawater

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11
Q

Use and example use of distillation

A

Volatile liquid from non-volatile substance
water/seawater
water/ink

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12
Q

Use and example use of fractional distillation

A

Large difference in boiling points
Ethanol/water
components of crude oil

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13
Q

Use and example use of sublimation

A

one solid sublimes

iodine/sand

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14
Q

Use and example use of diffusion

A

gases diffuse at different rates

CO/CH4

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15
Q

Use and example use of magnetism

A

One substance is magnetic
Iron/Aluminium
Nickel/copper

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16
Q

Impurities in a substance ______ melting point and _______ boiling point

A

lower, raise

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17
Q

What is a standard solution

A

A known amount of substance dissolved in a known volume of solution

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18
Q

Concentration formula

A

C = n/v

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19
Q

Phenolphthalein colour in acid and alkali

A

acid: colourless
alkali: red

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20
Q

Bromothymol blue colour in acid and alkali

A

acid: yellow
alkali: blue

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21
Q

litmus colour in acid and alkali

A

acid: red
alkali: blue

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22
Q

Methyl orange colour in acid and alkali

A

acid: red-orange
alkali: yellow

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23
Q

Meaning of ductile

A

Ability to be made into a wire

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24
Q

Meaning of malleable

A

How easy it is to bend

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25
Q

Meaning of tensile

A

Ability to be stretched

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26
Q

Reactivity series in order (most-least)

A 
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
(Carbon)
Zn
Fe
Pb
(Hydrogen)
Cu
Ag
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27
Q

Solubility of nitrates

A

All nitrates are soluble

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28
Q

What are the 2 thermally stable hydroxides and carbonates

A

K and Na

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29
Q

What are the 5 reactions in extraction of iron

A 
C + O2 -> CO2
C02 + C -> 2CO
Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe +3CO2
CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
CaCO3(s) + SiO2(s) -> CaSiO3(l) + CO2
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30
Q

Elements more reactive than Carbon are extracted by ________________

A

electrolysis

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31
Q

Zinc is extracted by __________

A

Adding coke (carbon)

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32
Q

In general, what is formed at the cathode

A

metals, hydrogen

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33
Q

In general, what is formed at the anode

A

non metals

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34
Q

What are the three products of the electrolysis of brine

A

Hydrogen, caustic soda, chlorine

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35
Q

What is the diaphragm made of and what does it do`

A

Asbestos,

Prevents solution from passing from cathode side into anode side.

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36
Q

What is the name of aluminium ore

A

bauxite

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37
Q

What are 2 reasons why cryolite is added

A

1) Lowers melting point

2) conducts electricity better

38
Q

3 examples of exothermic reactions

A

Combustion
Neutralisation
Respiration

39
Q

2 examples of endothermic reactions

A

Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

When we eat sherbert sweets

40
Q

What is the difference between high and low concentrations called

A

concentration gradient

41
Q

Formula for Rf value

A

Distance travelled by substances / Distance travelled by solvent - should always <1

42
Q

What strength are the intermolecular and intramolecular bonds in simple molecular substances

A

Weak intramolecular

strong intermolecular

43
Q

What are allotropes

A

molecules of same element(s) but different structure

44
Q

What is raw iron ore called

A

Haematite

45
Q

In an aqueous solution metals less reactive than hydrogen will form at the ___________

A

Cathode because they’re more easily reduced.

46
Q

3 steps in electrolysis of brine

A

1) Hydrogen ions go to cathode and get reduced to form H2 Gas
2) Chloride ions are oxidised at anode to form yellow/green Cl2 Gas
3) Na+ and OH- forms NaOH

47
Q

Use of chlorine

A

Bleach, PVC

48
Q

Use of hydrogen

A

Fuel, Margarine

49
Q

Use of sodium hydroxide

A

Soap, paper.

50
Q

Why can’t aluminium be extracted using carbon

A

It is more reactive than carbon.

51
Q

______Changes are traditionally not reversible, while ______Changes usually are.

A

Chemical

Physical

52
Q

What is collision theory

A
  • Particles must collide before a reaction takes place

- Not all collision leads to reaction

53
Q

How to catalysts increase rate of reaction

A

They create a new path for reaction which requires less activation energy

54
Q

Why are catalysts often used in industry

A
  • Reaction takes place at lower temperature-saves energy
  • Enables different reactions to be used-better atom economy
  • Important in production of polyethene, H2SO4, NH4, Ethanol
  • Can reduce pollution
55
Q

What does equilibrium mean

A

Both forward and backward reaction have same rate of reaction

56
Q

What is Le Chateliers principle

A

When a change is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system reacts to oppose the change

57
Q

Conditions of the Haber process

A

Pressure: 20,000Kpa
Temp: 380-450*C
Catalyst: Iron

58
Q

Haber process formula

A

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) DeltaH = -92KJ/mol

59
Q

Uses of ammonia

A

Fertilizers

Explosives

60
Q

Why must acids be aqueous to be considered an acid

A

Because they need to donate their proton

61
Q

Stronger acids ____ more than weak acids

A

dissociate

62
Q

acid + metal ->

A

metal salt + hydrogen gas

63
Q

acid + metal oxide -> `

A

metal salt + water

64
Q

acid + metal hydroxide ->

A

metal salt + water

65
Q

acid + carbonate

A

metal salt + carbon dioxide + hydrogen gas

66
Q

acid + hydrogencarbonate ->

A

metal salt + carbon dioxide + water

67
Q

Hydronium Ion formula

A

H3O+

68
Q

Why do strong bases form OH- ions more easily

A

because they associate easily into their ions

69
Q

What is residue

A

solid formed after filtration

70
Q

what is filtrate

A

liquid formed after filtration

71
Q

What type of reaction forms salts

A

neutralisation

72
Q

Why can you not apply direct heat to salt after filtering

A

can cause damaged crystals and/or by products

73
Q

To obtain a insoluble salt from solution ?

A

filter it out and dry in warm over

74
Q

to obtain soluble salt from solution?

A

evaporate liquid away in evaporating dish

75
Q

2 things members of a homologous series have in common

A
  • Same general formula

- Similar chemical properties

76
Q

saturated hydrocarbon means:

A

cannot have any more hydrogen atoms added

77
Q

As number of carbons in ALKANES increases:

A

B.P increases
Viscosity increases
Flammability decreases

78
Q

In less flammable things, activation energy is_____

A

greater

79
Q

Test for alkene:

A

bromine water turns from orange/brown to colourless

80
Q

What is cracking

A

splitting up of fractions in long hydrocarbon chains to form smaller hydrocarbon chains.
done by heating fractions to high temp then passing vapour over suitable catalyst.

81
Q

What are the conditions for cracking

A

600-700*C

silica or alumina catalyst

82
Q

What is hydration

A

Addition of water in the form of steam to alkenes to form alcohols

83
Q

conditions for hydration

A

Catalyst - phosphoric acid
Pressure - 60-70 atm
temp - 300*C

84
Q

What is hydrogenation

A

Addition of hydrogen to alkenes to form alkanes

85
Q

conditions for hydrogenation

A

Catalyst - nickel

temp - 130*C

86
Q

what is addition of hydrogen halides

A

addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes to form haloalkanes.

The hydrogen will attach to one side of the double bond and the halogen to the other.

87
Q

Markovnikovs rule

A

The hydrogen prefers to bond with the carbon which already has more hydrogens.
“the rich get richer”

88
Q

What is electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to pull its valence electrons towards its nucleus.

89
Q

What is esterfication

A

combining of carboxylic acids and alcohols to form esters using sulfuric acid as a dehydration agent.

90
Q

Difference between aldehydes and ketones

A

Aldehydes have C=O bond on the end of chain, while ketons have C=O bond in middle of chain.

.Chemistry - Nilay (6 decks)

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