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Science 1 > Chemistry 1b > Flashcards

Chemistry 1b Flashcards

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0
Q

How are long hydrocarbon chains broken down ?

A

Thermal decomposition

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1
Q

What is cracking ?

A

When you split a long-chain hydrocarbon to form more useful hydrocarbons.

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2
Q

Describe the process of cracking

A
  1. Hydrocarbon chain is heated
  2. Passed over aluminum oxide catalyst
  3. The molecules CRACK over the catalyst
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3
Q

What’s are the first two Alkenes ?

A

Ethene and propene

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4
Q

What is a way of testing if an oil is unsaturated ?

A

Bromine water

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5
Q

How does bromine water show if an oil is unsaturated ?

A

It reacts with the oil by opening the double bonds this decolorises the usual brown bromine water

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6
Q

What is ethene reacted with to make ethanol ?

A

Steam (H2O) - in the presence of a catalyst

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7
Q

True or False - ethanol made from ethene is used in alcohol

A

False

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8
Q

How is ethanol in alcohol made ?

A

Fermentation

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9
Q

What is a major use for Alkenes ?

A

Polymers

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10
Q

How are polymers made ?

A

By joining together lots of the same small alkene molecules to form very large molecules

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11
Q

What is the polymer made from…
Ethene
Propene

A

Polythene

Polypropene

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12
Q

How are polymers used ?

Give three examples

A

Plastic bags / milk cartons / credit cards / memory foam - any form of plastic

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13
Q

What is a big problem with polymers ?

A

They are not biodegradable

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14
Q

What Does the word ‘biodegradable’ mean ?

A

When something is broken down by bacteria

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15
Q

What are the two ways of extracting oil from plants or seeds ?

A
  • Crushing and pressing

* Solvents

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16
Q

Explain the process of crushing to extract oil

A
  1. Plant material crushed, then placed between metal plates and squash the oil out
  2. It is then separated from the plant material in a centrifuge
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17
Q

What do oils provide when consumed ?

A

Energy

18
Q

Why does cooking with oil speed up the process ?

A

They have higher boiling points than water, so they can be cooked at higher temperatures and therefore quicker

19
Q

What does ‘monosaturisation’ mean ?

A

Fats contain one C=C double bond

20
Q

Explain the process of hydrogenation

A

Hydrogenation is the process where unsaturated oils are hardened. The oils are reacted with hydrogen bubbles in the presence of a nickel catalyst at 60 degrees

21
Q

What are trans fats and how do they occur ?

A

Trans fats are believed to be very bad for you, they are caused when you partially hydrogenate an oil

22
Q

What do emulsifiers do ?

A

They make water and oil mix

23
Q

What part of the emulsifier is hydrophilic (water loving) ?

A

The head

24
Q

The …………. Is hydrophobic

A

Tail

25
Q

How do emulsifiers help oil and water mix ?

A

The hydrophobic tails lath on to oil droplets however the hydrophilic heads stay in water. This keeps the oil in very small droplets which stops the oil forming layers, so it mixes

26
Q

What was wegener’s theory ?

A

Continental drift

27
Q

Explain continental drift

A

The idea that about 300 million years ago there was just one supercontinent called Pangaea. The continents we know today have DRIFTED apart

28
Q

What evidence did he have of this ?

A
  • Identical fossils of the same crocodile found in both South America and Africa
  • Africa and South America se to fit together
  • Matching rock types
29
Q

Why was Wegener’s theory not accepted ?

A
  • Wegener thought that they had move because of the tides however geologists correctly said this was impossible
  • He made some of his numbers up
30
Q

What are the three layers that form earth ?

A

Core, mantle and crust

31
Q

What is the core made up of ?

A

Iron and nickel

32
Q

What is the crust made up of ?

A

Tectonic plates

33
Q

Where do volcanoes and earthquakes occur ?

A

Plate boundaries

34
Q

Why can’t scientists predict earthquakes and volcanoes ?

A

Because it happens below the crust in the mantle, which we can’t see or measure

35
Q

How do the plates move ?

A

Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move apart or close together

36
Q

What did the early atmosphere mainly contain ?

A

CO2

37
Q

How where the oceans formed ?

A

Water vapour released from volcanoes condensed.

38
Q

How did oxygen enter our atmosphere ?

A

Plants and algae evolved and liked the CO2. Photosynthesis happens and O2 is released into the atmosphere

39
Q

How did oxygen in the atmosphere allow complex animals to evolve ?

A

The oxygen formed the ozone layer which blocks harmful rays from the sun

40
Q

What is the primordial soup theory ?

A

This was the theory that the atmosphere that was rich in nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and methane was struck by lightning causing a chemical reaction which formed amino acids.

41
Q

What did the amino acids, millions of years ago, do ?

A

Gradually produced organic matter and later living organisms. They are the building blocks of life

42
Q

Who carried out the primordial soup experiment ?

A

Miller and Urey

43
Q

What is used, as well as Alkenes, to make biodegradable polymers ?

A

Cornstarch

Science 1 (8 decks)

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