Chemistry Flashcards
to learn chemistry
What are the three main components of an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?
In the nucleus
What is the atomic number (Z)?
Number of protons
What is the mass number (A)?
Protons + neutrons
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
What group do alkali metals belong to in the periodic table?
Group 1
How does the reactivity of alkali metals change down the group?
Increases
What type of ions do alkali metals form?
+1 ions
What are alkaline earth metals?
Group 2 elements that are less reactive than alkali metals
What type of ions do alkaline earth metals form?
+2 ions
What are halogens?
Group 17 highly reactive nonmetals
What type of ions do halogens form?
-1 ions
What is the physical state of noble gases at room temperature?
Gases
What defines metals in terms of conductivity and malleability?
Conduct electricity, malleable, ductile
What defines nonmetals regarding conductivity?
Insulators
What is ionic bonding?
Metal + Nonmetal with electrons transferred
What is covalent bonding?
Nonmetal + Nonmetal with electrons shared
What distinguishes polar covalent bonds from nonpolar covalent bonds?
Polar: unequal sharing, Nonpolar: equal sharing
What are Van der Waals forces?
Weakest intermolecular forces due to temporary dipoles
What is the pH range of acids?
pH < 7
What is the process of neutralization?
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
What characterizes an exothermic reaction?
Releases energy
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to start a reaction
What is the mole concept?
1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles
