Chemistry Flashcards by Brooke McIntosh

Solvent

substance that dissolves the solute

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Solute

substance that gets dissolved

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The more solute there is per solvent, the more __________ the solution gets

concentrated

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Base Units: n, V, C

How to find each?

n = mol
V = L (if in mL, divide by 1000 to convert to L)
C = mol/L

 to find C, divide ‘n’ (number of mols) by ‘V’ (volume)
 to find V, divide ‘n’ by ‘C’ (concentration)
 to find n, multiply ‘c’ by ‘v’

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C1V1 = C2V2 Steps to solving:

Identify all info given as C1, V1, C2, or V2 then realize what variable you’re looking for
Re-arrange equation to isolate the variable you’re solving for
Do the math and solve
 Remember base units, C = mol/L and V = L, therefore convert from mL to L if needed

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TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
IONIZATION

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom/molecule

 increases going up, and to the right of the periodic table

 the lower the pH (more acidic a solution is), the higher the ionization energy

–> Noble gases has highest

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ELECTRON AFFINITY

the amount of energy given off after an atom/molecule acquires an electron

 increases going up and to the right of the periodic table

 the lower the pH (more acidic a solution is), the higher the electron affinity

–> hallogens has highest

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ELECTRONEGATIVITY

the ability of an atom/molecule to attract other electrons

 increases going up and to the right of the periodic table

 the lower the pH (more acidic a solution is), the higher the electronegativity

–> hallogens

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ATOMIC RADIUS

the distance from an atom’s nucleus to the outermost orbital of electron

 increases going down and to the left of the periodic table

 the lower the pH (more acidic a solution is), the higher the atomic radius

–> alkali metals

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BALANCING EQUATIONS

reactants are listed on the _____ side of the arrow
 products are on the _____ side of the arrow

reactants are listed on the left side of the arrow
 products are on the right side of the arrow

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DECOMPOSITION REACTION

AB –> A + B

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SYNTHESIS (COMBINATION)

A + B –> AB

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SINGLE REPLACEMENT

AB + C –> B + AC

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DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

AB + CD –> AC + BD

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COMBUSTION

CxHy, + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

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STEPS TO BALANCE EQUATION:

1) Make a T chart with reactants (R) on one side and products (P) on the other

2) Write how many atoms each individual element has on the reactants side

3) If the number of atoms of an element on the product side doesn’t match the reactants side, you must add a coefficient in front of that element on the products side (so that coefficient multiplied by the number of atoms the element has will equal the number of atoms the element has on the reactants side

4) NOTE: if an element has a negative number of atoms on the products side, you may have to multiply all the coefficients by an even number such as 2
NOTE: if there are brackets in the equation, you multiply the outside bracket number by the inside bracket number (if there isn’t an inside bracket number, assume it is 1

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Valence shells (completing the outer shell)

2
8
8
18
18
32
32

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Periodic table:

1) groups and 2) periods

Which is vertical columns and which is horizontal rows

groups = vertical columns

periods = horizontal rows

What is the name of group 1 (excluding hydrogen) on the periodic table

Alkali metals

What is the name of group 2 on the periodic table

Alkaline earth metals

What is the name of group 4 -12 on the periodic table

Transition metals

What is the name of group 18 on the periodic table

Noble gases

What is the name of group 17 on the periodic table

Halogens

What is the name of the group H, C, N, O, P, S, Se on the periodic table

Non-metals

What is the name of the group B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Bi, Po on the periodic table

Metalloids

ionic

One atom donates an electron to another atom This can only be done between metals and non metal.

covalent

Two or more atoms SHARE electrons EQUALLY This can only be done between two non metals or two metals and a metalloid.

density equation

density = mass/volume

Isotopes

Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Calculating moles formulas

In the triangle in spots 1) top 2) bottom left, 3) bottom right 1. 1) n 2) c 3) v n = c x v 2. 1) m 2) n 3) M n = m/M

Neutralization reaction

when an acid and a base react to make a salt and water Ex: Acid + Base --> Salt + Water HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O

pH scale

0 (acidic) ----- 7 (neutral ----> 14 (basic) HCl (0), Orange juice (3), Blood/water (7), Household cleaners (13), NaOH (14)

Arrhenius theory

Acid: substance that produces H+ in water Base: substance that produces OH in aqueous solution

strong vs weak acids and bases

Strong acids completely dissociate into ions in water, while weak acids only partially dissociate Strong Acids: HCl HBr HI H2SO4 Strong Bases: NaOH LiOH KOHCa(OH)2

Gas laws

1) Boyle's Law - pressure & volume - P1V1 = P2V2 2) Charles' Law - volume & temp - V1/T1 = V2/V2 3) Avagadro's Law - volume & moles - V1/n1 = V2/n2 4) Ideal Gas Law = PV = nRT

A gas has an initial pressure of 5.85 atm and an initial volume of 3.65 L. What is the new volume of the gas if the pressure drops to 3.00 atm. Assume temperature and the number of moles are kept constant.

V2 = 7.12L

A sample of H2 gas occupies a volume of 8.56 L at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 1.5 atm. How many moles of hydrogen are present?

n = 0.57 mol H2

Calculate the volume of 0.845 mol of nitrogen gas at a pressure of 0.9200 atm and a temperature of 315 K.

➞ given: n = 0.845 mol N2 T = 315 K V = ? P = 0.9200 atm ➞ PV = nRT ➞ V = nRT / P ➞ V = nRT / P = (0.845)(0.0821)(315) / 0.9200 = 23.8 L N2

A sample of methane gas with a volume of 38 mL at 5°C is heated to 86°C at constant pressure. Calculate its new volume.

V1 = 38 mL , T1 = 5 + 273 = 278 K ➞ V2 = ?? mL , T2 = 86 + 273 = 359 K V2 = 49mL

How to tell if something is polar or non polar?

1) Has to meet 2 criteria: 1. the molecular shape around the central atom has no lone pairs, or if it does its either square planar (4 atoms, 2 lone pairs) or linear (2 atoms and 3 or 4 lone pairs) 2. All atoms around the central atom are the same 2) Draw the lewis dot diagram to tell if these apply if meets criteria then its non polar Ex: CH4, NH3, CO2

Identify each as polar or non polar: CH4 NH3 CO2 CH2Cl2

CH4 - non polar NH3 - polar CO2 - non polar CH2Cl2 - polar

Electron configuration

1) Find out how many electrons are in the element (the proton number) 2) Use electron configuration chart (draw out) to figure out 1s 2s2p 3s3p3d 4s4p4d4f 5s5p5d5f 6s6p6d 7s7p 8s --> s holds 2 valence electrons --> p holds 4 valence electrons --> d holds 10 valence electrons Ex: Boron 1) has 5 valence electrons 2) 1s^22s^22p^1 --> the little numbers shows how many spots you are using in each shell 1s^2 =2 , 2s^2 = 2, 2p^1 = 1 2 + 2 + 1 = 5 (number of electrons)

Calculate the enthalpy for 2C + H2 --> C2H2 Given: C2H2 + 5/2 O2 --> 2 CO2 + H2O triangleH = -1299.5kJ/mol C + O2 ---> CO2 triangleH = -393.5kJ/mol H2 + 1/2O2 --> H2O triangleH = -285.8 kJ/mol https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Z4ntAj7GcIo

1) Notice C2H2 is on the wrong side so flip that reaction H2O + 2CO2 --> 5/2O2 + C2H2 =1299.5kJ/mol (now positive) 2) Notice there is 2 C needed so multiply second reacton by 2 2C + 2O2 --> 2 CO2 = -787kJ/mol (x2 original) 3) Start cancelling out things on opposite sides of the arrows and add up enthalpies H2O + 2CO2 --> 5/2O2 + C2H2 =1299.5kJ/mol 2C + 2O2 --> 2 CO2 = -787kJ/mol H2 + 1/2O2 --> H2O = -285.8 kJ/mol ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2C + H2 --> C2H2 = 226.7kJ/mol