Biology Flashcards
Hierarchy of Classification:
“Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup”
Domain (1-Bacteria 2-Archaea 3-Eukarya )
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Unicellular
Either Archea, Bacteria, or Protists
Prokaryotes
No cytoplasmic structures
Bacteria, Archae
Has plasma membrane filled with cytoplasm and ribosomes
DNA is found in “plasmids” (rings)
Eukaryotes
No cell walls
4 Kingdoms: 1) Protists 2) Fungi 3) Plants 4) Animals
Has plasma membrane filled with cytoplasm and ribosomes
DNA is found in chromosomes
Bacteria
Its own kingdom, domain
Mostly single-celled prokaryotic organism
Antibiotics fight bacteria
Asexual reproduction (binary fission), do not reproduce sexually
Archae
Its own kingdom, domain
Mostly single celled prokaryotic organism
Asexual reproduction, do not reproduce sexually
Protists/Protozoa
Mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms
Can reproduce both sexually and asexually (binairy fission)
ALL need to live somewhere wet
Algae
All algae photosynthesize
Both multi and unicellular
Reproduces both sexually and asexually by binary fission, fragmentation and spores
Fungi
Can be divided into 1) Mold (multicellular) 2) Yeast (unicellular)
more closely related to animals than plants
Eukaryotes
Yeasts reproduce asexually through “budding”
Mold reproduces sexually or asexually but most commonly asexually through spore formation
Flagella
Whip-like tails that propel protists
Cilia
Hair-like structures that help protists move
Homozygous
Both alleles are dominant, or both alleles are recessive
Heterozygous
One allele is dominant, and the other is recessive
Women chromosome
XX
Male chromosome
XY
Polygenic
MANY genes control ONE trait
Pleiotropic
ONE gene controls MANY traits
Incomplete Dominance
Red and white parent flowers make pink offspring flower
Codominance
Both traits expressed fully (Red and white flower parent flowers make red and white petal offspring flower)
Somatic cells
46 chromosomes in total, 23 pairs
- cells are the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
- Examples are muscle cells, blood cells, skin cells and nerve cells.
- diploid cell
Diploid cells
Cells with all 46 chromosomes, produced in mitosis
Haploid cells
Cells with 23 chromosomes in total, produced In meiosis
- sex cells
Chromatin
Single DNA + protein strand, not condensed, very messy
Chromatids
A chromosome that has now split into 2 identical strands called chromatids
Gamete
a reproductive cell (sperm/egg)
Interphase
Cells spend the MOST TIME in INTERPHASE
In between mitosis cycles
Strands of DNA (chromatin) are loosely coiled and messy and are called “chromatin”
KEY PARTS: 1) centrosome duplication 2) Chromatin begins to replicate itself giving 2 copies of every strand of DNA
NOT part of mitosis or meiosis
Mitosis
makes cells with 46 chromosomes
Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Prophase
chromosomes are visible and condensing/thickening
Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up in middle of cell in single file line
Anaphase
chromatids are pulled away by spindle fibers and are moving to opposite sides of cell
Telophase
chromatids are at opposite ends of cell and new nuclei is forming
Meiosis
makes sex cells with 23 chromosomes
produces haploid cells
Meiosis Stages: Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
Prophase 1
“crossing over” occurs (homologous chromosomes match up)
Metaphase 1
chromosomes in pairs (not single file line like mitosis)
lined up in middle of cell
Anaphase 1
chromosomes are pulled away by spindle fibers
Telophase 1
2 newly formed nuclei
Prophase 2
NO homologous pairs/”crossing over”
chromosomes are present in two separate cells
spindle fibers starting to form
Metaphase 2
SINGLE chromosomes line up in middle of cell
in single file line, not in pairs
Anaphase 2
chromatids are pulled away by spindle fibers
Telophase 2
Nuclei reforms in both cells (there will now be 4 cells total)
Steps to naming a chemical:
1) PREFIX
2 carbons =
3 carbons =
4 carbons =
5 carbons =
6 carbons =
7 carbons =
8 carbons =
9 carbons =
10 carbons =
How long is the carbon chain? Make sure you find the longest carbon chain in the chemical structure
2 carbons = ethane
3 carbons = propane
4 carbons = butane
5 carbons = pentane
6 carbons = hexane
7 carbons = heptane
8 carbons = octane
9 carbons = nonane
10 carbons = decane
Steps to naming a chemical:
2) SUFIX
Need to look at what type of bond is present (single, double, triple) and if there are groups other than hydrogen and carbon present as other groups will also change the name
Single bonds = end in ‘ane’
Double bonds = ends in ‘ene’
Triple bonds = ends in ‘yne’
Alcohols (OH/ O=H) = add ‘ol’ to end of name (example: methanol instead of methane)
–> has an ‘O=H’ coming off
Aldehydes (O = C – H – R) = add ‘al’ to end of name (example: ethanal instead of ethane)
–> has an ‘O = C - H’ (O, C, AND H)
Ketones (O = C – R – R) = add ‘one’ to end of name (example: hexanone instead of hexane)
–> has an ‘O = C’
Amines (H – N – H – R) = add ‘amine’ to the end of name (example: methanamine)
–> has an ‘N’
Carboxylic acids (R – C = O – OH/O – H) = add ‘oic’ to the end of name (example: ethanoic acid instead of ethane)
–> has a carbon double bonded to an ‘O’ on one side and single bonded to an ‘OH’ on the other side
Methyl
–> A side group of 1 carbon branching off the main (longest) carbon chain
–> Need to specify in answer (name) where it is located on carbon chain
Ethyl
–> A side group of 2 carbon branching off the main (longest) carbon chain
–> –> Need to specify in answer (name) where it is located on carbon chain
Steps to naming a chemical:3)
Identify any side chains (double or triple) and/or functional groups branching off and what number on the chain they’re branching off at
Count from the direction where the additional side group is lowest at
–> unless there is a double/triple bond, make bond the lowest as it takes precendent over side group
Methyl group (C – H)
Steps to naming a chemical:
4) Identify if ‘cis’ or ‘trans’
cis:the same elements are on the same side
trans: the same elements are diagonal to each other
Arteries:
brings OXYGENATED blood AWAY from the heart
has very THICK/FLEXIBLE walls
NO VALVES
high blood pressure
Veins:
brings DEOXYGENATED blood TOWARDS the heart
has very THIN walls
HAS VALVES
low blood pressure
Capillaries:
smallest
most abundant
receives and delivers nutrients
Blood flow through heart
- deoxygenated blood enters the INFERIOR VENA CAVA
- blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM
- blood goes through the TRICUSPID VALVE
- blood goes into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
- blood goes through the PULMONARY VALVE
- blood goes to the PULMONARY ARTERY
- blood is transported through arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated
- oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein
- blood enters the left atrium
- blood goes through the mitral valve/bicuspid valve
- blood enters the left ventricle
- blood goes through the aortic valve
- blood enters and leaves through the aorta
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Main parts of system
- Nasal cavity – contains cilia which warms, humidifies and filters air
- Pharynx – separates where food vs air goes
- Larynx – voice box
- Trachea – has cartilage rings for support as air travels through trachea to bronchi, epiglottis also keeps food from entering
- Primary Bronchi
- Secondary Bronchi
- Tertiary Bronchi
diameter gets smaller as progress through bronchioles - Bronchioles
Cilia
hairlike structure that moves microbes and debris in airways
RIGHT lung has __ lobes, LEFT lung has __ lobes
3,2
Gas exchange occurs in ___ on lungs
alveoli
Breathe in = diaphragm moves _____, chest cavity size _____
Breathe out = diaphragm moves ____, chest cavity size ______
Breathe in = diaphragm moves down, chest cavity size increases
Breathe out = diaphragm moves up, chest cavity size decreases
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Main parts of system
what does Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas do?
- Mouth
chemical digestion - amylase (saliva) breaks down carbohydrates/starch
physical digestion – teeth break down food, tongue shapes food into ‘bolus’ (small ball) - Epiglottis
blocks food from entering trachea - Peristalsis occurs
smooth muscle contractions that push food down esophagus - Stomach
very acidic, has hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin
Pepsin: enzyme found in stomach which breaks down proteins
Both chemical and physical digestion occur (churning of stomach)
Chyme: Resulting liquid after stomach has chemically and physical digested it - Small Intestine
Nutrient absorption occurs
Villi: Projections on surface of small intestine that has lots of surface area for absorbing nutrients, very vascular - Large Intestine
Reabsorbs water - Rectum
Liver – carbohydrate + protein metabolism, makes bile to breakdown lipids
Gallbladder - stores bile
Pancreas – secretes juices that neutralize acid chyme
- All living things:
a. Communicate
b. Reproduce
c. Are self-sustaining
d. Live in communities
b. Reproduce
- In the cross of Tt x Tt, the proportion of the offspring that will have the same genotype as the parents is:
a. 25%
b. 100%
c. 75%
d. 50%
d. 50%
- Cells are the smallest units of living organisms.
a. False
b. True
b. True
- The systemic system carries blood to the:
a. Epidermis
b. Pulmonary veins
c. Body Cells
d. Main Arteries
c. Body Cells
- What is often considered to be the only type of living organism that does not contain cells?
a. Animals
b. Bacteria
c. Viruses
d. Algae
c. Viruses
. Which one of the following sequences shows the correct hierarchy of classification, going from the most inclusive to the least inclusive?
a. Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species
b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
c. Domain, Kingdom, Domain, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
d. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Class, Family, Genus, Species
b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- What is homeostasis?
a. A process in which water can passes through a membrane to disrupt the dynamic equilibrium
b. When there is a lack of water in certain cells of the body
c. The ability of a body / cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium
d. None of the above
c. The ability of a body / cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium
- A polar bear is standing on a floating piece of ice, which property of water is this polar bear relying on?
a. Cohesion
b. Density
c. Adhesion
d. Polarity
b. Density
- What semi-permeable part of a cell is responsible for the entrance and exit of substance?
a. Mitochondria
b. Plasma Membrane
c. Nucleus
d. Golgi apparatus
b. Plasma Membrane
- What is the main function of DNA?
a. It can be mutated
b. It stores information for protein synthesis
c. It provides energy for the cells
d. It does not provide any real function
b. It stores information for protein synthesis
- Characteristics that have arisen as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be:
a. Homogenous
b. Analogous
c. Homologous
d. Heterogamous
c. Homologous
- Recessive genes mask other genes that are present
a. False
b. True
a. False
- The basic functional unit of the respiratory system is the:
a. Trachea
b. Pulmonary Alveoli
c. Lungs
d. Dendrite
b. Pulmonary Alveoli
DNA is composed of
what nitrogenous bases?
DNA vs mRNA
all types of RNA are involved in building proteins,
–> mRNA is the one that actually acts as the messenger
–> DNA: A and T ( adenine + thymine)
–> mRNA: A and U (uracil)
–> C and G (cytosine and guanine)
genotype
What you calculate in the punnet square
phenotype
what you see expressed
pyruvate
- glycolysis converts one six-carbon molecule of glucose into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate
- Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted into acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle
- Each molecule of pyruvate produces one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle
aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
Aerobic: occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly.
Anaerobic: occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.
Aerobic:
Occurs in mitochondria
Needs oxygen
Makes carbon dioxide and water
Makes up to 38 atp molecules
Anaerobic:
Occurs in cytoplasm
Does Not need oxygen
Makes lactic acid
Makes only 2 atp molecules
–> BOTH NEED GLUCOSE
transcription vs translation
Transcription: DNA is copied to RNA
Translation: RNA is used to produce proteins
Parts of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base, nucleotide, pentose sugar
decode this strand of DNA to make an amino acid:
ATG CCT CTA GTA
–> will be given codon chart on exam
original: ATG CCT CTA GTA
1) Pair the DNA
TAC GGA GAT CAT
2) Turn into mRNA
AUG CCU CUA GUA
3) Turn into tRNA
UAC GGA GAU CAU
4) use codon chart (either mRNA or tRNA but use corresponding sequence to chart) to find amino acid
MET PRO LEU VAL –> used mRNA chart
difference between DNA and RNA
DNA:
- has the sugar deoxyribose
RNA:
- has the sugar ribose
DNA:
- has the base thymine
RNA:
- has the base uracil
DNA:
- is double stranded
RNA:
- is usually single stranded
DNA:
- forms a double helix
RNA:
- does not form a double helix
what is glycolysis?
- anaerobic
- When glucose is partially broken down
Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with:
- two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules,
- a total of four ATP molecules,
- and two molecules of NADH
What type of foods are hard for the gallbladder to digest?
fatty foods like butter
Your gallbladder stores and releases bile to help your digestive system break down fats.
The most common issue you may develop with your gallbladder is gallstones
Diffusion
molecules move from high concentration to low concentration - doesn’t need oxygen ; also passive transport
Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules ; passive transport that doesn’t need oxygen
Main differences between plant and animal cells:
Cell wall:
Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not.
Chloroplasts:
Plant cells have chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and allow plants to make their own food through photosynthesis. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
Vacuoles:
Plant cells have a large central vacuole, while animal cells do not.
Centrosomes:
Animal cells have centrosomes, Plant cells do not have centrosomes.
Nutrition:
Plant cells are autotrophs, meaning they can make their own food. Animal cells are heterotrophs, meaning they need to get nutrition from other sources.
What are the main enzymes used in digestion?
Amylase (digest startch into maltose),
Maltase (digest maltose), and
Lactase (digest lactose) in the mouth digest carbohydrates.
Pepsin (enzyme in stomach acid that digests proteins in food)
Trypsin (breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids) and
Lipase (digests triglycerides in fatty acid + glycerol) in the stomach digest protein.
