Biology Flashcards

Question

Gamete

Answer 1

a reproductive cell (sperm/egg)

Answer 2

Cells spend the MOST TIME in INTERPHASE  In between mitosis cycles  Strands of DNA (chromatin) are loosely coiled and messy and are called “chromatin” KEY PARTS: 1) centrosome duplication 2) Chromatin begins to replicate itself giving 2 copies of every strand of DNA  NOT part of mitosis or meiosis

Answer 3

 makes cells with 46 chromosomes Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Answer 4

chromosomes are visible and condensing/thickening

Answer 5

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell in single file line

Answer 6

chromatids are pulled away by spindle fibers and are moving to opposite sides of cell

Answer 7

chromatids are at opposite ends of cell and new nuclei is forming

Answer 8

 makes sex cells with 23 chromosomes  produces haploid cells Meiosis Stages: Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

Answer 9

“crossing over” occurs (homologous chromosomes match up)

Answer 10

 chromosomes in pairs (not single file line like mitosis)  lined up in middle of cell

Answer 11

chromosomes are pulled away by spindle fibers

Answer 12

 2 newly formed nuclei

Answer 13

 NO homologous pairs/”crossing over”  chromosomes are present in two separate cells  spindle fibers starting to form

Answer 14

 SINGLE chromosomes line up in middle of cell  in single file line, not in pairs

Answer 15

 chromatids are pulled away by spindle fibers

Answer 16

 Nuclei reforms in both cells (there will now be 4 cells total)

Answer 17

How long is the carbon chain? Make sure you find the longest carbon chain in the chemical structure  2 carbons = ethane  3 carbons = propane  4 carbons = butane  5 carbons = pentane  6 carbons = hexane  7 carbons = heptane  8 carbons = octane  9 carbons = nonane  10 carbons = decane

Answer 18

Need to look at what type of bond is present (single, double, triple) and if there are groups other than hydrogen and carbon present as other groups will also change the name  Single bonds = end in ‘ane’  Double bonds = ends in ‘ene’  Triple bonds = ends in ‘yne’  Alcohols (OH/ O=H) = add ‘ol’ to end of name (example: methanol instead of methane) --> has an 'O=H' coming off  Aldehydes (O = C – H – R) = add ‘al’ to end of name (example: ethanal instead of ethane) --> has an 'O = C - H' (O, C, AND H)  Ketones (O = C – R – R) = add ‘one’ to end of name (example: hexanone instead of hexane) --> has an 'O = C'  Amines (H – N – H – R) = add ‘amine’ to the end of name (example: methanamine) --> has an 'N'  Carboxylic acids (R – C = O – OH/O – H) = add ‘oic’ to the end of name (example: ethanoic acid instead of ethane) --> has a carbon double bonded to an 'O' on one side and single bonded to an 'OH' on the other side  Methyl --> A side group of 1 carbon branching off the main (longest) carbon chain --> Need to specify in answer (name) where it is located on carbon chain  Ethyl --> A side group of 2 carbon branching off the main (longest) carbon chain --> --> Need to specify in answer (name) where it is located on carbon chain

Answer 19

 Count from the direction where the additional side group is lowest at --> unless there is a double/triple bond, make bond the lowest as it takes precendent over side group  Methyl group (C – H)

Answer 20

cis:the same elements are on the same side trans: the same elements are diagonal to each other

Answer 21

 brings OXYGENATED blood AWAY from the heart  has very THICK/FLEXIBLE walls  NO VALVES  high blood pressure

Answer 22

 brings DEOXYGENATED blood TOWARDS the heart  has very THIN walls  HAS VALVES low blood pressure

Answer 23

 smallest  most abundant  receives and delivers nutrients

Answer 24

1. deoxygenated blood enters the INFERIOR VENA CAVA 2. blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM 3. blood goes through the TRICUSPID VALVE 4. blood goes into the RIGHT VENTRICLE 5. blood goes through the PULMONARY VALVE 6. blood goes to the PULMONARY ARTERY 7. blood is transported through arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated 8. oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein 9. blood enters the left atrium 10. blood goes through the mitral valve/bicuspid valve 11. blood enters the left ventricle 12. blood goes through the aortic valve 13. blood enters and leaves through the aorta

Answer 25

1. Nasal cavity – contains cilia which warms, humidifies and filters air 2. Pharynx – separates where food vs air goes 3. Larynx – voice box 4. Trachea – has cartilage rings for support as air travels through trachea to bronchi, epiglottis also keeps food from entering 5. Primary Bronchi 6. Secondary Bronchi 7. Tertiary Bronchi  diameter gets smaller as progress through bronchioles 8. Bronchioles

Answer 26

hairlike structure that moves microbes and debris in airways

Answer 27

Breathe in = diaphragm moves down, chest cavity size increases  Breathe out = diaphragm moves up, chest cavity size decreases

Answer 28

1. Mouth  chemical digestion - amylase (saliva) breaks down carbohydrates/starch  physical digestion – teeth break down food, tongue shapes food into ‘bolus’ (small ball) 2. Epiglottis  blocks food from entering trachea 3. Peristalsis occurs  smooth muscle contractions that push food down esophagus 4. Stomach  very acidic, has hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin  Pepsin: enzyme found in stomach which breaks down proteins  Both chemical and physical digestion occur (churning of stomach)  Chyme: Resulting liquid after stomach has chemically and physical digested it 5. Small Intestine  Nutrient absorption occurs  Villi: Projections on surface of small intestine that has lots of surface area for absorbing nutrients, very vascular 6. Large Intestine  Reabsorbs water 7. Rectum  Liver – carbohydrate + protein metabolism, makes bile to breakdown lipids  Gallbladder - stores bile  Pancreas – secretes juices that neutralize acid chyme

Answer 29

b. Reproduce

Answer 30

c. Body Cells

Answer 31

c. Viruses

Answer 32

b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Answer 33

c. The ability of a body / cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium

Answer 34

b. Density

Answer 35

b. Plasma Membrane

Answer 36

b. It stores information for protein synthesis

Answer 37

c. Homologous

Answer 38

b. Pulmonary Alveoli

Answer 39

all types of RNA are involved in building proteins, --> mRNA is the one that actually acts as the messenger --> DNA: A and T ( adenine + thymine) --> mRNA: A and U (uracil) --> C and G (cytosine and guanine)

Answer 40

What you calculate in the punnet square

Answer 41

what you see expressed

Answer 42

- glycolysis converts one six-carbon molecule of glucose into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate - Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted into acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle - Each molecule of pyruvate produces one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle

Answer 43

Aerobic: occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic: occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly. Aerobic: Occurs in mitochondria Needs oxygen Makes carbon dioxide and water Makes up to 38 atp molecules Anaerobic: Occurs in cytoplasm Does Not need oxygen Makes lactic acid Makes only 2 atp molecules --> BOTH NEED GLUCOSE

Answer 44

Transcription: DNA is copied to RNA Translation: RNA is used to produce proteins

Answer 45

nitrogenous base, nucleotide, pentose sugar

Answer 46

original: ATG CCT CTA GTA 1) Pair the DNA TAC GGA GAT CAT 2) Turn into mRNA AUG CCU CUA GUA 3) Turn into tRNA UAC GGA GAU CAU 4) use codon chart (either mRNA or tRNA but use corresponding sequence to chart) to find amino acid MET PRO LEU VAL --> used mRNA chart

Answer 47

DNA: - has the sugar deoxyribose RNA: - has the sugar ribose DNA: - has the base thymine RNA: - has the base uracil DNA: - is double stranded RNA: - is usually single stranded DNA: - forms a double helix RNA: - does not form a double helix

Answer 48

- anaerobic - When glucose is partially broken down Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with: - two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, - a total of four ATP molecules, - and two molecules of NADH

Answer 49

fatty foods like butter Your gallbladder stores and releases bile to help your digestive system break down fats. The most common issue you may develop with your gallbladder is gallstones

Answer 50

molecules move from high concentration to low concentration - doesn’t need oxygen ; also passive transport

Answer 51

diffusion of water molecules ; passive transport that doesn’t need oxygen

Answer 52

Cell wall: Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not. Chloroplasts: Plant cells have chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and allow plants to make their own food through photosynthesis. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Vacuoles: Plant cells have a large central vacuole, while animal cells do not. Centrosomes: Animal cells have centrosomes, Plant cells do not have centrosomes. Nutrition: Plant cells are autotrophs, meaning they can make their own food. Animal cells are heterotrophs, meaning they need to get nutrition from other sources.

Answer 53

Amylase (digest startch into maltose), Maltase (digest maltose), and Lactase (digest lactose) in the mouth digest carbohydrates. Pepsin (enzyme in stomach acid that digests proteins in food) Trypsin (breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids) and Lipase (digests triglycerides in fatty acid + glycerol) in the stomach digest protein.