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AC-HPAT Prep > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of Classification:

A

“Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup”
Domain (1-Bacteria 2-Archaea 3-Eukarya )
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

Unicellular

A

Either Archea, Bacteria, or Protists

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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A

 No cytoplasmic structures
 Bacteria, Archae
 Has plasma membrane filled with cytoplasm and ribosomes
 DNA is found in “plasmids” (rings)

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

 No cell walls
 4 Kingdoms: 1) Protists 2) Fungi 3) Plants 4) Animals
 Has plasma membrane filled with cytoplasm and ribosomes
 DNA is found in chromosomes

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5
Q

Bacteria

A

Its own kingdom, domain
 Mostly single-celled prokaryotic organism
 Antibiotics fight bacteria
 Asexual reproduction (binary fission), do not reproduce sexually

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6
Q

Archae

A

 Its own kingdom, domain
 Mostly single celled prokaryotic organism
 Asexual reproduction, do not reproduce sexually

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7
Q

Protists/Protozoa

A

 Mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms
 Can reproduce both sexually and asexually (binairy fission)
 ALL need to live somewhere wet

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8
Q

Algae

A

All algae photosynthesize
 Both multi and unicellular
 Reproduces both sexually and asexually by binary fission, fragmentation and spores

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9
Q

Fungi

A

 Can be divided into 1) Mold (multicellular) 2) Yeast (unicellular)
 more closely related to animals than plants
 Eukaryotes
 Yeasts reproduce asexually through “budding”
 Mold reproduces sexually or asexually but most commonly asexually through spore formation

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10
Q

Flagella

A

Whip-like tails that propel protists

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures that help protists move

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are dominant, or both alleles are recessive

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

One allele is dominant, and the other is recessive

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14
Q

Women chromosome

A

XX

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15
Q

Male chromosome

A

XY

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16
Q

Polygenic

A

MANY genes control ONE trait

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17
Q

Pleiotropic

A

ONE gene controls MANY traits

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18
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Red and white parent flowers make pink offspring flower

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19
Q

Codominance

A

Both traits expressed fully (Red and white flower parent flowers make red and white petal offspring flower)

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20
Q

Somatic cells

A

46 chromosomes in total, 23 pairs

  • cells are the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
  • Examples are muscle cells, blood cells, skin cells and nerve cells.
  • diploid cell
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21
Q

Diploid cells

A

Cells with all 46 chromosomes, produced in mitosis

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22
Q

Haploid cells

A

Cells with 23 chromosomes in total, produced In meiosis

  • sex cells
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23
Q

Chromatin

A

Single DNA + protein strand, not condensed, very messy

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24
Q

Chromatids

A

A chromosome that has now split into 2 identical strands called chromatids

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25
Q

Diploid

A

cell that has 2 sets of chromsomes

  • 2n
  • not sex cells
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26
Q

Haploid

A

Has half the number of chromosomes as the original starting cell (following meiosis)

  • ‘n’
  • sex cells
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27
Q

Gamete

A

a reproductive cell (sperm/egg)

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28
Q

Interphase

A

Cells spend the MOST TIME in INTERPHASE
 In between mitosis cycles
 Strands of DNA (chromatin) are loosely coiled and messy and are called “chromatin”
KEY PARTS: 1) centrosome duplication 2) Chromatin begins to replicate itself giving 2 copies of every strand of DNA
 NOT part of mitosis or meiosis

29
Q

Mitosis

A

 makes cells with 46 chromosomes
Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

30
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes are visible and condensing/thickening

31
Q

Metaphase:

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell in single file line

32
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids are pulled away by spindle fibers and are moving to opposite sides of cell

33
Q

Telophase

A

chromatids are at opposite ends of cell and new nuclei is forming

34
Q

Meiosis

A

 makes sex cells with 23 chromosomes
 produces haploid cells

Meiosis Stages: Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

35
Q

Prophase 1

A

“crossing over” occurs (homologous chromosomes match up)

36
Q

Metaphase 1

A

 chromosomes in pairs (not single file line like mitosis)
 lined up in middle of cell

37
Q

Anaphase 1

A

chromosomes are pulled away by spindle fibers

38
Q

Telophase 1

A

 2 newly formed nuclei

39
Q

Prophase 2

A

 NO homologous pairs/”crossing over”
 chromosomes are present in two separate cells
 spindle fibers starting to form

40
Q

Metaphase 2

A

 SINGLE chromosomes line up in middle of cell
 in single file line, not in pairs

41
Q

Anaphase 2

A

 chromatids are pulled away by spindle fibers

42
Q

Telophase 2

A

 Nuclei reforms in both cells (there will now be 4 cells total)

43
Q

Steps to naming a chemical:
1) PREFIX

 2 carbons =
 3 carbons =
 4 carbons =
 5 carbons =
 6 carbons =
 7 carbons =
 8 carbons =
 9 carbons =
 10 carbons =

A

How long is the carbon chain? Make sure you find the longest carbon chain in the chemical structure
 2 carbons = ethane
 3 carbons = propane
 4 carbons = butane
 5 carbons = pentane
 6 carbons = hexane
 7 carbons = heptane
 8 carbons = octane
 9 carbons = nonane
 10 carbons = decane

44
Q

Steps to naming a chemical:
2) SUFIX

A

Need to look at what type of bond is present (single, double, triple) and if there are groups other than hydrogen and carbon present as other groups will also change the name
 Single bonds = end in ‘ane’
 Double bonds = ends in ‘ene’
 Triple bonds = ends in ‘yne’

 Alcohols (OH/ O=H) = add ‘ol’ to end of name (example: methanol instead of methane)
–> has an ‘O=H’ coming off

 Aldehydes (O = C – H – R) = add ‘al’ to end of name (example: ethanal instead of ethane)
–> has an ‘O = C - H’ (O, C, AND H)

 Ketones (O = C – R – R) = add ‘one’ to end of name (example: hexanone instead of hexane)
–> has an ‘O = C’

 Amines (H – N – H – R) = add ‘amine’ to the end of name (example: methanamine)
–> has an ‘N’

 Carboxylic acids (R – C = O – OH/O – H) = add ‘oic’ to the end of name (example: ethanoic acid instead of ethane)
–> has a carbon double bonded to an ‘O’ on one side and single bonded to an ‘OH’ on the other side

45
Q

Steps to naming a chemical:3)
Identify any side chains (double or triple) and/or functional groups branching off and what number on the chain they’re branching off at

A

 Count from the direction where the additional side group is lowest at
–> unless there is a double/triple bond, make bond the lowest as it takes precendent over side group
 Methyl group (C – H)

46
Q

Steps to naming a chemical:
4) Identify if ‘cis’ or ‘trans’

A

cis:the same elements are on the same side

trans: the same elements are diagonal to each other

47
Q

Arteries:

A

 brings OXYGENATED blood AWAY from the heart
 has very THICK/FLEXIBLE walls
 NO VALVES
 high blood pressure

48
Q

Veins:

A

 brings DEOXYGENATED blood TOWARDS the heart
 has very THIN walls
 HAS VALVES
low blood pressure

49
Q

Capillaries:

A

 smallest
 most abundant
 receives and delivers nutrients

50
Q

Blood flow through heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood enters the INFERIOR VENA CAVA
  2. blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM
  3. blood goes through the TRICUSPID VALVE
  4. blood goes into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
  5. blood goes through the PULMONARY VALVE
  6. blood goes to the PULMONARY ARTERY
  7. blood is transported through arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated
  8. oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein
  9. blood enters the left atrium
  10. blood goes through the mitral valve/bicuspid valve
  11. blood enters the left ventricle
  12. blood goes through the aortic valve
  13. blood enters and leaves through the aorta
51
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Main parts of system

A
  1. Nasal cavity – contains cilia which warms, humidifies and filters air
  2. Pharynx – separates where food vs air goes
  3. Larynx – voice box
  4. Trachea – has cartilage rings for support as air travels through trachea to bronchi, epiglottis also keeps food from entering
  5. Primary Bronchi
  6. Secondary Bronchi
  7. Tertiary Bronchi
     diameter gets smaller as progress through bronchioles
  8. Bronchioles
52
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike structure that moves microbes and debris in airways

53
Q

RIGHT lung has __ lobes, LEFT lung has __ lobes

A

3,2

54
Q

Gas exchange occurs in ___ on lungs

A

alveoli

55
Q

Breathe in = diaphragm moves _____, chest cavity size _____
 Breathe out = diaphragm moves ____, chest cavity size ______

A

Breathe in = diaphragm moves down, chest cavity size increases

 Breathe out = diaphragm moves up, chest cavity size decreases

56
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Main parts of system

what does Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas do?

A
  1. Mouth
     chemical digestion - amylase (saliva) breaks down carbohydrates/starch
     physical digestion – teeth break down food, tongue shapes food into ‘bolus’ (small ball)
  2. Epiglottis
     blocks food from entering trachea
  3. Peristalsis occurs
     smooth muscle contractions that push food down esophagus
  4. Stomach
     very acidic, has hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin
     Pepsin: enzyme found in stomach which breaks down proteins
     Both chemical and physical digestion occur (churning of stomach)
     Chyme: Resulting liquid after stomach has chemically and physical digested it
  5. Small Intestine
     Nutrient absorption occurs
     Villi: Projections on surface of small intestine that has lots of surface area for absorbing nutrients, very vascular
  6. Large Intestine
     Reabsorbs water
  7. Rectum

 Liver – carbohydrate + protein metabolism, makes bile to breakdown lipids

 Gallbladder - stores bile

 Pancreas – secretes juices that neutralize acid chyme

57
Q
  1. All living things:
    a. Communicate
    b. Reproduce
    c. Are self-sustaining d. Live in communities
A

b. Reproduce

58
Q
  1. In the cross of Tt x Tt, the proportion of the offspring that will have the same genotype as the parents is:
    a. 25%
    b. 100%
    c. 75%
    d. 50%
A

d. 50%

59
Q
  1. Cells are the smallest units of living organisms.
    a. False
    b. True
A

b. True

60
Q
  1. The systemic system carries blood to the:
    a. Epidermis
    b. Pulmonary veins
    c. Body Cells
    d. Main Arteries
A

c. Body Cells

61
Q
  1. What is often considered to be the only type of living organism that does not contain cells?
    a. Animals
    b. Bacteria
    c. Viruses
    d. Algae
A

c. Viruses

62
Q

. Which one of the following sequences shows the correct hierarchy of classification, going from the most inclusive to the least inclusive?

a. Kingdom, Domain, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species

b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

c. Domain, Kingdom, Domain, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

d. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Class, Family, Genus, Species

A

b. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

63
Q
  1. What is homeostasis?

a. A process in which water can passes through a membrane to disrupt the dynamic equilibrium

b. When there is a lack of water in certain cells of the body

c. The ability of a body / cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium

d. None of the above

A

c. The ability of a body / cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium

64
Q
  1. A polar bear is standing on a floating piece of ice, which property of water is this polar bear relying on?
    a. Cohesion
    b. Density
    c. Adhesion
    d. Polarity
A

b. Density

65
Q
  1. What semi-permeable part of a cell is responsible for the entrance and exit of substance?
    a. Mitochondria
    b. Plasma Membrane
    c. Nucleus
    d. Golgi apparatus
A

b. Plasma Membrane

66
Q
  1. What is the main function of DNA?
    a. It can be mutated
    b. It stores information for protein synthesis
    c. It provides energy for the cells
    d. It does not provide any real function
A

b. It stores information for protein synthesis

67
Q
  1. Characteristics that have arisen as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be:
    a. Homogenous
    b. Analogous
    c. Homologous
    d. Heterogamous
A

c. Homologous

68
Q
  1. Recessive genes mask other genes that are present
    a. False
    b. True
A

a. False

69
Q
  1. The basic functional unit of the respiratory system is the:
    a. Trachea
    b. Pulmonary Alveoli
    c. Lungs
    d. Dendrite
A

b. Pulmonary Alveoli

AC-HPAT Prep (5 decks)

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