chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the difference between ion and atoms?

A

ions have charges 3+, 2-, etc
atoms have no charge + or -

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2
Q

what are atoms?

A

the smallest particles, which characterize as chemical elements

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3
Q

what is dalton’s theory?

A

billiard ball model
- all matter is made up of atoms, that are solid and uniform spheres
- atoms can join together which other elements to make compounds

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4
Q

what is thompson’s theory?

A

raisin-bun model
- discovered every atom contains electrons
- are embedded in a cloud of positive charge

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5
Q

what is rutherford’s theory?

A

solar system model
- discovered all atoms have positive nucleus, contains protons
- electrons rotate around the nucleus

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6
Q

what is bohr’s theory?

A

energy level model
- electrons associate with specific energy levels

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7
Q

what are isotopes?

A

atoms of the same element that have the same protons but different neutrons

ex). Carbon-12 = mass 12 || protons 6
carbon-13 = mass 13 || protons 6

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8
Q

when are ions most stable?

A

are most stable when gaining or losing electrons from outer rings

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9
Q

cations

A

lost electrons to become positive

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10
Q

anions

A

gained electrons to be negative

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11
Q

molecular

A

non-metal + non-metal
- cannot be conducted by H20

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12
Q

ionic

A

metal + non-metal
- can be conducted by H20

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13
Q

naming non-metals

A
  • use Latin prefixes
  • use -ide at end

*metals do not use these

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14
Q

reactions

A

physical change = solid > liquid
chemical change = C + O = CO2
energy change = endothermic & exothermic

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15
Q

endothermic

A

absorb heat (cold)

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16
Q

exothermic

A

release heat (hot)

17
Q

C(s) + O 2(g) → CO 2(g)

A

formation

18
Q

AB → A + B

A

decomposition

19
Q

Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2

A

single replacement

20
Q

BaCl2 + K2CO3 → BaCO3 + 2KClA

A

double replacement

21
Q

HNO 3(aq) + Ba(OH) 2(aq) → H 2O(ℓ) + Ba(NO 3) 2(aq)

A

neutralization (always have H2O or HOH)

22
Q

CH4 (g) + 02 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

A

hydrocarbon combustion

23
Q

ionic naming

A
  • cross and drop
  • write charges of each element
  • reduce to lowest terms

ex). Mg 2+ & Cl - → MgCl2

24
Q

ionic compounds

A

1). crystal lattice: solid state
2). solid state does not conduct electricity
3). high melting point: needs lots of energy to break bonds

25
Q

molecular compounds

A

1) low melting point: does not need much energy to melt
2). non-electrolytes: does not conduct electricity
3). do not decompose into other elements

26
Q

acid and bases

A
  • only dissolved in water
  • always written and aq
  • both conduct electricity
27
Q

acid rules

A
  • produces H+ (hydrogen)
  • turns limtis paper red
  • lower than 7 pH level
28
Q

base rules

A
  • produces OH- (hydroxide)
  • turns limtis paper blue
  • higher than 7 pH level
29
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

“energy can be converted from one form to another, but total energy remains the same.”

30
Q

physical change

A

change in substance where chemical compositions stays the same

31
Q

chemical reactions

A

creates new reactions
ex). C + O → CO2